The Management Of Sustainability At Barclays Marketing Essay

The Management Of Sustainability At Barclays Marketing EssayThe history of Barclays was real in 1960 in London by John Freame and doubting Thomas Gould started their melodic phrase as trading goldsmith lingoers. In the purifyegory 1736, when jam Barclay joined the transcription the name Barclays became connected with the beau monde even though it was not until 1896 so the company is cognise as Barclays avow. Then is 1896 the company joins 19 other private banking artes to form Barclay Company Limited, with 182 branches and a gear up of 26m. By the year 2009 Barclays bank has established in 59 countries with 140, 000 employees passim the world due to orbiculateisation and the advancement of technology. Barclays is a major global financial services provider engaged in personal banking, consult cards, corpo assess and investment banking, and wealth and investment management. According to the yearly subject for 2012, in piece to apply a sustainable basis, Barclays h ad to store effrontery and restore performance. at that place was alike a change in the net packages, as they prefer paying according to the performance recountingship. In relation with sh arholders they pay off increase the sh argon from the total net income and they mention that it is native to the business and those employees working in an extreme competitive supranational environment. Barclays in like manner states that their hitting their targets which satisfies them. They claim that their doing work which is mixerly big and useful to the environment, as hearty to generate a sustainable return for the sh beholders. Sustainability is an increasingly important theme for businesses. At the current situation, the concept of sustainability has been broadened to include not just this instant environmental consideration, but also frugal and tender consideration claims Elkington (1998). If these factors are implemented in the business, it would be successful. Sustainabi lity is essential for Barclays competitive advantage as Barclays has various competitors in the market. Barclays sustains its competitive advantage by creating a sizing and diversity for the business as well as the quality, character and the relationships with their customers. miscellany has aloneowed them to build a sustainable business by delivering an deedal excellence, commit in innovation and managing their adventures.2.0 Findings2.1 Sustainability /Sustainable growthSustainability refers to the ability of a humans to handle indefinitely by making a zero squeeze on the environmental resources (Blowfield Murray, 2011). Crane Marten (2010) states that sustainability is defined as a long- term maintenance of systems according to environmental, sparing and brotherly considerations. Sustainable schooling is the process by which mankind moves towards the ultimate goal of sustainability. The goal of sustainable development is to enable all quite a little throughout the world to make full their basic needs and to enjoy a better quality of flavor without compromising the quality of life of future generations (HMG, 2005).2.2 Business SustainabilityBusiness sustainability is known as adapting to the business strategies and activities that run intos the needs of business stakeholders today and the near future. There are few frameworks which are used to bank bill the sustainability of the business, and maven of the silk hat counselings of testing sustainability would be the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) manner introduced by John Elkington. It consists of three important elements which is scotch, social and Environmental. It generates the basis of both ball-shaped Reporting Initiative (GRI) and Sustainability Balance Scorecard (SBSC). Now this address would move on to evaluate the Triple Bottom Line (TBL).2.3 Economic SustainabilityThe economic dimension, sustainability is use up about the brass sections impacts on the economic environment of it s stakeholders and on economic system at local, national and global levels. A constringe concept of economic sustainability focuses on the economic performances of the tidy sums itself the accountability of management is to develop, enhance and market those products that secure the long-term economic performances of the corporation (Crane and Matten, 2010).The economic status on sustainability is strong and stable economy would create troubles and incomes for society in parliamentary procedure to provide basic standard of living.2.4 Environmental SustainabilityThe environmental sustainability is concern about organisations impact towards the diverse ecosystem, like water, land and air. The basic principles of sustainability in environment perceptive concern the effective management of physical resources so that they are conserved for the future (Crane and Matten 2010). Basically, it provides resources for human activities and acts as sinks which absorb and reprocess human wa ste such as microorganisms. It is also known as the main resource provider to people, such as water, soil affluence and pollination.2.5 societal SustainabilityThe kindly Sustainability focuses on the impacts of an organisation towards the social structure which it operates. The development in social perspectives on sustainability has tended to trial behind that of the environment and economic perspectives (Scott, Park and Cocklin, 2000). The main social point of sustainability is the key justice. It deals with a strong, firm and fair society. It provides promotion for personal well- creation, social cohesion and inclusion and suitable opportunities for the society (HMG, 2005).3.0 Measuring Businesses Sustainability3.1 Sustainability Balance ScorecardKaplan and Norton (1992) developed the equilibrised bill of fare in order to give managers a more comprehensive pull in of business performances. Balance scorecards combine both qualitative and quantitative measures, sleep to gether the expectations of different stakeholders and relate an assessment of performance to choice of category. It contents of iv perspectives financial, customers, process, learning and growth. The sustainability balance scorecard consists of quad elements, which would be financial, internal business process, customer, learning and growth. It dishs the organisation to breakdown corporal level measures which depart help manager and employees to look at what could be done to make the brass instrument to improve internal and external communications and monitor organisations performances against goal.Barclays has been using sustainability balance scorecard in measuring their organisation sustainability. According to the annual typography in 2012 in mentioned that the economic environment in Barclays main markets was pronounced by generally weak or negative growth (as measured by GDP), which has abnormal business, consumer and investor confidence across these regions. Economi c performance in the near term continues uncertain and is expected to be subdued. As an example, to overcome this situation Barclays expects to incur a restructuring charge of approximately 500m in the commencement exercise quarter of 2013 and costs associated with implementing the strategic plan of approximately 1bn in 2013, 1bn in 2014 and 0.7bn in 2015 ( Barclays annual embrace, 2012).3.2 world-wide Reporting InitiativeSocial score is the voluntary process concerned with assessing and communicating organisational activities and impacts on social, ethical, and environmental issues relevant to stakeholders. incorporate organisations involves in social accounting for both matter-of-fact and moral reasons. The main four reasons are internal and external pressure, identifying seeks, modify stakeholder management and enhanced accountability and transparency. A good social accounting is complete when a scheme in place attempts to the activities like orbiculate Reporting Initi ative (GRI). Crane and Matten (2010) states that Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is an international multi-stakeholder effort to create a common framework for reporting on social, economic and environmental triple bottom soak up sustainability. Barclays has reported against the Global Reporting Initiative (G3) Indicator protocols and Financial Sector Supplement. In 2011, Barclays relieve oneself self-declared for their GRI performance application to be B+ (yearly Report Barclays, 2011).4.0 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)CSR is a set of measures that business could take in order to go bad sustainable. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is known as a business initiative to evaluate and take accountability on the fundamental lawal effects on the environment and impact on the companionship which is basalt that it benefits the organization as well as the alliance. Rionda claims that CSR is alternatively referred to as corporate citizenship, which essentially means tha t a company should be a good dwell within its host family (Rionda.Z, 2002). Organization that is socially accountable would be rewarded with more satisfying customers, which give help to meet the organization goals and expansion of the business. CSR is also as one of tool for blade reputation for business which is developed globally. As an example, a company which has a strong global brand and consumer pressure will be the key drivers towards CSR practices (Zadek, 2004). Most of the companies nowadays have decided to get involved in CSR because they realize that in order to tick productive, competitive and relevant in a rapidly changing world, they have to become socially responsible. CSR has also been defined by Moir (2001) who states the continue commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development mend improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large.4.1 Carroll CSR mystifyS ource A Carroll (1991) The pyramid of corporate social responsibility, Business Horizons, July-August, pp-39-48.The sight on Barclays CSR is based on the Carroll four part CSR model that has helped Barclays to meet the devil stage of this model which includes economic and legal. Barclays has reported all their CSR activities clear which gives an indication that Barclays gives an impression to be a sustainable organization and Barclays has been doing well in all these aspects to maintain their sustainability. Barclays seem to give much attention to aim on their CSR activities at stakeholders to contribute to economic, environment and social sustainability to remain sustainable. Now this report will move on to discuss on the CSR policies adapted by Barclays.4.2 Barclays CSRBarclays has been actively engaging themselves in CSR activities. Barclays believes business sens have a positive impact towards the community they serve if CSR is being implemented. Ever since they have start operating their first bank in 1960, they have dedicated their selves to trust and respect their customers and shareholders. Barclays is involving themselves in CSR activities such as, environmental, social and economic. As an example, Barclays Bank in Kenya state that, in order to stay in business for another100 years, they need to be partners with their stakeholders to maximize the opportunities presented by economic, social and environmental sustainability issues, as well as collaborate to minimise the associated risks in both direct and indirect ( Barclays yearbook report, 2010). This report will now evaluate the CSR activities of Barclays.4.3 EnvironmentalBarclays Environmental sustainability approach is to reduce their impacts on the environment. They are not only focusing on the direct operational impact, while they are also looking at wider influence through their modify and investment activities. To make this more efficient Barclays has introduced climate exchange design. This program emphasizes on waste management, water use and paper use. They are designing, twist and operating in way that reduces the impact on the globe. There are three main issue which influences Climate exchange Program. The first one would be developing products and services for a low carbon economy, and then followed by managing climate change risks which means managing social and environmental risk in lending and finally managing their own carbon footprint (Citizenship Report, 2011). With adopting all this environmental policies, Barclays was able to meet a sustainable environmental operation to their business.4.4 SocialIn social sustainability Barclays is involved with the community. In 2012, Barclays global community investment team managed to engage 73,000 staff in volunteering, fundraising and support programmes that benefited an estimated devil million people worldwide (Ainsworth, 2012 Third Sector). Barclays states that in order to have social sustainability two thin gs beings involved community investment programs and employee programs with the direct efforts of employees. The community programs which Barclays practices are Building Young Futures that aims to equip 74,000 disadvantaged young people in six countries Brazil, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Uganda and Zambia with the acquisitions to help them fulfil their potential with a federation between Barclays and UNICEF( Barclays citizenship plan , 2012). This program is introduced to help the poor community in these countries to have a proper skill and self-confidents in securing their income with a chisel or set up a small business with skill and knowledge provided by this program. The main aim of this program is to reduce unemployment rate among the younger generation in these countries. As an example, in the first four years of their partnership, Building Young Futures gave more than 600,000 young people better education opportunities financial, employment and enterprise skills and support to manage their money(Barclays citizenship plan, 2012). besides that, Barclays has introduced a citizenship award in 2012 to recognize and appreciate the work donation done by their employees for community. The employees in Barclays are actively involved in fund raising for the local community around the globe. For instance, Nearly 1,000 customers and employees took in the sights of the UK capital by night on a 10-km walk, as they raise almost 100,000 to support UNICEF and UK broadcaster warmheartedness radios Have a Heart charity (Barclays citizenship plan, 2012). With this programmes it would help the local communities to achieve financial independence and security in their lives. Furthermore, these programmes applied towards the community would help Barclays to be more sustainable in a social context.4.5 Society/ DiversityAside making huge profits and meeting organisation goals, Barclays have also created a culture where diversity is nourishd and respected. Barclays mention that their global diversity system in place across the organisation, and they are continuing to extend and modify this to reflect industry best practice and to meet the expectations of stakeholders and customers (Barclays, 2011).As an example, Barclays have worked tight with external recruitment firm to let them know their diversity priorities, so they could provide them with huge number employees for recruitment and selection. This method is used to measure the employees potential and hard work and to ensure souls with disabilities have equal rights and job prospects. Barclays has given priorities to diversity as want to meet an equal gender workforce and to support co-workers and customers who has disability. For instance , the UK Corporate Banking business rose to first from fourth place among its peers in terms of client satisfaction, and a business in their Wealth and Investment Management division won outmatch Customer Experience Award in Financial Services in the 2011 Customer Experience Awards. Now this report would move on to regain the economic sustainability.4.6 EconomicBarclays practices transparency to their stakeholder. Based on the findings, Barclays believes that the best way to support their stakeholders is by operating a strong, profitable and growing business, which creates jobs and contributes to the economic success of the communities in which they live and work (Citizenship Report, 2011). Transparency is the degree to which corporate decision, policies, activities and impacts are acknowledged and made visible to relevant stakeholders (Crane and Matten, 2010). Jenkins Barclays CEO has mention (International Business Times)that he is committed to building a better bank with massive changes that will boost up shareholder returns over the bimestrial term and based on the 2012 annual report Shares in the company rose 4.2 per cent (Baccardax, 2013). According to the analysis on Barclays CSR activities that theyre involved with, it giv es a reflection that Barclays supports the Stakeholder theory. Stakeholder theory seeks to balance the interest of a range of economic, social and environmental stakeholders. The theory was been developed by Edward Freeman (1984) who states that a stakeholder of an organization is any group or individual who can affect, or is affected by, achievement of the organisations objectives(Freman 198446). For a more precise definition (Evan and Freeman 1993) has suggested two principles Principle of corporate right, which means the corporation has the obligation not to fall in the right of others and Principle of corporate effect which means companies are responsible for the effect of their actions on others. Stakeholder theory is known as the utilitarian ethical stances that give a balancing of stakeholder interests in decision making using a triple bottom line approach. Stakeholder theory is essential in multinational organisation like Barclays and they are sustaining with this approach. 4.7 Weaknesses of CSR policies in BarclaysBarclays seems to provide info that theyre sustainable however there are few weakness and risk in the CSR policy. In early 2013, according to The Guardian lates, Barclays was preparing to hand its headspring executive Antony Jenkins a bonus of at least 1m for 2012 and it is a year when the bank was fined 290m for its part in the Libor-rigging scandal and set aside a further 1bn for mis-selling payment protection insurance (The Guardian ,2013). withal that, Barclays was down the stairs pressure from some of their shareholder demanded for a repay of past bonuses from its new boss. It was surprising that Barclays could be origins of the recession in the credit crunch caused by reckless bank lending. Latest news on Barclays that they will become a self-service-oriented company, thereby allowing the remaining staff to focus on delivering added value to its customers and they have mention that Barclays is changing (The Telegraph, 2013). With this information Barclays is seen as not invariable with their policy. On the other hand, they restrained could be an omissions supporting by mentioning that Barclays is still a sustainable organisation. As Freidman (1970) argues that social and environmental sustainability are the responsibility of individuals and the government. The whole Barclays management shouldnt be blame for this issues it could possibly be an individual who is liable.5.0 SummaryBased on the outcomes made for this report Barclays appears to be a sustainable organisation. As seen in the outcomes, Barclays is actively engaged with many CSR activities are have updated them in GRI as well as SBSC. Barclays has establish themselves as the most recognised and respected organization in the world, to sustain it Barclays plans to continue to expand rapidly and commit to more CSR activities to be more sustainable.6.0 good wordThe recommendation is made after evaluating Barclays CSR activities and from my point of vi ews on what Barclays should do in achieving a sustainable organisation. Barclays should emphasize on social and economic sustainability as their lack in this both activities. I agree that Barclays is involved in economic and social CSR activities, while be a global organisation its suggested that they should give emphasis to strategic importance of CSR drivers for globalization. As an example, Barclays is engaged in banking industry for many years, they seem expand their business to a more wide area in the world which is due to globalization and this will help them to achieve a sustainable business and profitable organisation. Besides that, having CSR activities which engaging public will gain more popularity for Barclays as it will reach the public faster than indoor activities. Barclays should also concentrate on the Utilitarian ethical stances of social responsibility. It seeks a balanced stakeholder interest in decision making using a triple bottom line approach which includes e conomic, environment and social which will be an advantage for Barclays.ReferencingCrane, A and Matten, D, (2010) Business Ethics, 3rd ed , Oxford University Press, USA.Elkington, J. (1998). Cannibals with Forks The Triple Bottom Line in 21st Century Businesses. brand-new Society Publishers, Gabriola Is., BC.Blowfield, M and Murray, A (2011), Corporate Responsibility, 2nd Ed, Oxford University Press,USA.HMG (2005). Securing the Future Delivering UK sustainable development strategy, TSO, London.www.sustainable-development.gov.ukKaplan, S and Norton, P (1992), The balance Scorecard Measures That Drive Performance, Harvard Business Review , Jan-Feb retrieved on April 14,2013 from ftp//docenti.ing.units.it/arc_stud/Centrone/Corso_Tecniche%20di%20Gestione%20Aziendale/ hand out%20%20Books/Kaplan%20%20Norton/Kaplan%20%20Norton%20-%20The%20Balanced%20Scorecard%20-%20Measures%20That%20Drive%20Performance.pdf .Rionda.Z, (2002), WHAT IS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, CATALYST Consortium, US A, retrieved on April 11, 2013 from http//pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnada498.pdf.Zadek,(2004), The path to corporate responsibility ,Harvard Business Review,82, December125-32.Moir L. 2001. What do we mean by corporate social responsibility? Corporate Governance 1(2) 16-22.Freeman, R. E. (1984) strategical Management A Stakeholder Approach, Boston, MA Pinnan.Evan, W.M. and Freeman, R.E (1993), A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation Kantian capitalism. In W.M. Hoffman and R.E. Frederick (eds.),Business ethics readings and cases in corporate theology145-54. New York McGraw-Hill.Friedman, M (1970). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine, 13 September.Scott, K, Park, J. and Cocklin, C (2000). From sustainable rural communities to social sustainability vainglorious voice to diversity in Mangakahia Valley, New Zealand. Journal of Rural studies,16 443-6.Barclays (2012), Annual Citizenship Report 2011, retrieved on April 15, 2013 fr om,http//reports.barclays.com/cr11/howwereport/globalreportinginitiativeindex.html.Barclays (2010), Annual report and financial statement Barclays bank Kenya, retrieved on April 15, 2013 from, http//www.barclays.com/africa/kenya/documents/Corporate-Social-Responsibility-Report.pdf.Barclays (2012), Barclays Annual PLC report, retrieved on April 16, 2013 from, http//reports.barclays.com/ar12/servicepages/downloads/files/entire_barclays_ar12.pdf.Barclays (2013), Annual Citizenship report 2012, retrieved on April 16, 2013 from, http//group.barclays.com/about-barclays/citizenship.Barclays (2011), Annual Citizenship report for Environmental and social risk in lending, retrieved on April 17, 2013 from, http//reports.barclays.com/cr11/thewaywedobusiness/environmentalandsocialriskinlending.html?cat=b.Barclays (2012), wealth and investment management, retrieved on April 17, 2013,from , http//www.barclayswealth.com/about-us/in-the-community.htm.Barclays (2002), corporate social responsibility annual report, retrieved on April 17, 2013 from, http//www.investor.barclays.co.uk/results/2002results/annual_report/website/impact/csr16.html.Baccardax, M (2013), Barclays CEO Strategy Overhaul Global Economy will slow Near-term growth, retrieved on April 17, 2013 from, http//www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/434161/20130212/barclays-antony-jenkins-investment-banking-job-cuts.htm.Ainsworth, D (2012), Business good-will Awards CSR team -Winner Barclays,Retrieved on April 17, 2013, from , http//www.thirdsector.co.uk/Fundraising/article/1131962/business-charity-awards-csr-team-winner-barclays/.Anonymous (no Date http//historyofbusiness.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/history-of-barclays-bank.html access on 18 April 2013.Barclays (2011), Citizenship report for direct economic contribution, retrieved on April 19, 2013, from, http//reports.barclays.com/cr11/contributingtogrowth/directeconomiccontribution.html?cat=b.Barclays (2013), Citizenship report for supporting our community, retrieved on April 19, 2013, from, http//group.barclays.com/about-barclays/citizenship/supporting-our-communities.Treanor, J ( 2013), Barclays preparing to pay bonus of at least 1m to new chief Antony Jenkins, The Guardian , February , 29 retrieved on April 19,2013 from, http//www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/jan/29/barclays-executive-pay-jenkins-libor.Telegraph staff (2013), Barclays could cut up to 40,000 jobs, The Telegraph, March, 7 retrieved on April 19, 2013, from, http//www.telegraph.co.uk/ pay/newsbysector/banksandfinance/9916111/Barclays-could-cut-up-to-40000-jobs.html.

Motivation And Job Satisfaction At Airlines Commerce Essay

penury And labor satisfaction At Airlines Commerce EssayOn twenty-third October 1946, a new air lane was born. Initially registered as a flee project in Calcutta, manoeuver Airways Ltd. had at its helm Mr. M.A. Ispahani as touch and Air vice Marshal O.K. Carter as General Manager. The new carriers domicile remained in Calcutta and an operating license was obtained in May 1947.Four Douglas DC-3s were purchased from stride of Texas in February 1947 and trading operations commenced on 4th June 1947. The designated route for Orient Airways was Calcutta-Akyab-Rangoon, which alike happened to be the first post-war international sector to be flown by an airline registered in India. Within two months of Orient Airways operational beginnings, Pakistan was born. The birth of a new nation generated one of the largest transfers of population in the history of mankind.Orient Airways, along with the help of BOAC aircraft which had been chartered by the Government of Pakistan, started r elief operations and transportation of people between Delhi and Karachi, the two capitals. Subsequently, Orient Airways transferred its base to Pakistan and realized a vital link between Karachi and Dacca, the two capitals of the two locomote of Pakistan. With a skeleton fleet of just two DC-3s, three caboodle members, and twelve mechanics, Orient Airways launched its scheduled operations in a fairy-tale manner. The sign routes were Karachi-Lahore-Peshawar, Karachi-Quetta-Lahore and Karachi-Delhi Calcutta-Dacca. By the end of 1949, Orient Airways had acquired 10 DC-3s and 3 Convair 240s which were operated on these routes. In 1950, it had bend increasingly app atomic number 18nt that additional capacity would beat to be inducted to cater to the growing inevitably of the sub-continent.Research ObjectiveThe purpose of this read is to investigate the impact of Job Satisfaction and Motivation of the employees employed by PIA (Pakistan International Airline). The idea of this d irect is to investigate and identify those factors which atomic number 18 causing high motive and job gaiety among the employees.This is a descriptive study based on the impact of demand and jobs among employees employed by PIA. In todays fast paced era environment of the guidance is to how the managers washbasin rectify the direct of motivation and job merriment of employees. So that the company take in a reliable and efficient scoreforce. The questions that ar to be answered by this study argonHow some employees be well-off from their job as equation to otherwises.How some employees perform better than othersWhat argon the ways through which management contribute improve the motivation of its employeesAttracting, rewarding, awarding and motivating customers be a challenge. It requires better service, realistic mental serve well, expectations and a supportive work environment publications SurveyTheories of MotivationMotivation theories be of two types i.e. Cont ent ashes and subroutine surmisalBasically content guess of motivation focuses on those factors which argon involved with the individuals that energizes, directs, takes and stops deportment. To motivate people they rig the actualized and precise needfully. On the other hand process possibleness describes and analyzes that how the demeanour on individual or individual is stopped by those factors which are international i.e. energized, directed and sustained. Both theories have alpha impact on managers who are involved in the motivational process as per their job character (Gibson et al, 2000).Kini and Hobson (2002) agreed with the distinction explained above between content and process theories which suggested that the possibleness of content is associated with the importance of internal elements which are identified and the prioritization involved with the individuals score of these elements. While process hypothesis imposes on digressicular psychological process es profound action and emphasized on explaining the functioning of individual decision system in put in to relate it to the behaviour.Process theory of MotivationProcess theory of motivation tries to explain and describe the factors which are external to the individual, that energize, direct, sustain and stop behaviour. The major(ip) theories of motivation are discussed above includes the following theories which are as followsSocial discipline theoryOperant instruct forecast theoryEquity theory name and address range theoryJob design theorySocial scholarship theoryLearning is typically the fundamental processes which are based on the behaviour and in turn, motivation. In brass sections al nigh e very individuals behaviour is learnt. Perception, attitudes, drawencys and emotional reactions are learned. Skills e.g. programming a system or counselling de- motivated employee can be learned. Basically core and uses of language utilise are learned. Learning is an ongoing proc ess by which the relatively occurring changes in the behaviour as a result of practise (Gibson et al, 2000).Operant conditioningIn another point of view learning occurs as a result of behaviour, and this learning is called operant conditioning. Late valet de chambre famous behaviourist B.F.Skinner is the person closely associated with this type of learning that is operant conditioning. Many principles of this theory can help managers who attempt to influence behaviour. An chief(prenominal) principle of learning is enforcement. Generally internal cause of behaviour is motivation while external cause is financial backing.Positive reinforcement occurs when a affirmatoryly valued incentives follows a response to a stimulus. Positive reinforcement can be anything that both increases the strength of response and induces repetitions of the behaviours that preceded the reinforcement.Negative reinforcement occurs when the carrying out of the behaviour is increased or diverted due to und esirable function immediately after the response.Expectancy theoryThe real explanation of expectancy theory was developed by Victor Vroom. Early studies (about 50) tested the tax write-off tested the accuracy of expectancy theory in predicting employee behaviour. The expectancy theory defined in vrooms concept is that motivation as a process governing choices among the alternatives forms of voluntary activity. From his point of view mostly behaviours are chthonian chink of the individuals and are persistently motivated. Expectancy theory is generally explained in four conceptsFirst and second level sequels- the outcomes of the first level are resulting from behaviour that is linked with doing the job itself which includes turnover, quality of productivity, absenteeism and productivity. The outcomes of the second level are those events such as punishments and rewards that the outcomes of the first level are likely to constitute such as group acceptance or rejection, merit exp ect addition and promotion.The reference to the individuals intelligence that the outcome of the first level is link with outcomes of second level is instrumentality.As seen by the individual the preference of the outcomes is cornice e.g. a person mar prefer a 10% increment in the pay over a transfer to another branch. The outcome is that the in positively valent the offer is preferred and in negatively valent it is avoided.The individuals mental picture refers to the expectancy is concerned with the likelihood or descriptive possibility that a accepted behaviour entrust be followed by a certain outcome such as level of performance (Gibson et al, 2000160-161).Equity theoryEquity theory of motivation was tested and developed by J.Stacey Adams. The canonic concept of equity theory of motivation is that the efforts and rewards of the employees are compared with others in similar work situations. Basically the theory of motivation is based on the presumptuousness that individua ls, who work for rewards from the firm, and are motivated with a perception to be every bit treated at work. The maintenance of the employees perception of equity in the working environment is administered by the management. in that respect are four terms on which the theory is based i.e.Person the individual for equity or unjustness is perceivedComparison with others any individual(s) or group used by person as referent regarding the ratios of inputs and outcomes.Inputs the individual characteristic brought by person to the job this may be achieved (e.g. skills, experience, knowledge and learning) or ascribed (e.g. age, gender, race).Outcomes what person sure from the job (e.g. recognition, fringe benefits and pay).The ratio of the inputs (efforts) to their outcomes (rewards) is equivalent to the ratios of other similar employees is the perception of the employees where the equity exists. When an individuals own ratio of inputs to outcomes could be greater or less(prenominal) than that of others, the ratio arent equivalent, inequity exist (Gibson et al, 2000 164-165).The proposition of this theory is that the individuals are motivated to stabilize fair or equitable relationships between themselves and to change those unfair inequitable relationships (Kini and Hobson, 2002 605). aim panorama theoryEdwin Locke proposed that terminus setting theory was a cognitive process of some practical utility. Edwins view was that an individuals intentions and certified cultivations are the primary factors of behaviour. A goal is the action of an object i.e. its a person attempts to achieve. Locke also carefully situated the characteristics of the cognitive (mental) processes of goal setting which are as followsThe degree of quantitative precision (clarity) of the goal refers to the goal specificity.The degree of proficiency or the level of performance sought is goal unmanageabley.Goal intensity pertains to the process of setting the goal or find how to reach it .Higher effort and performance results when people commit to difficult and specific goals rather than to vague commitments.Monetary incentives will affect performance only to the extent that such incentives influence the choice of goals and the extent of goal commitment.Goal commitment will interact with goal difficulty to determine performance.Goal setting is rather coordination compound and difficult to sustainGoal setting works well for simple jobs (clerks, typists, loggers, and technicians), but not for complex jobs. Goal setting with jobs in which goals arent measured has posed some problemsGoal setting encourages game playing. Setting low goals to look good.Goal setting is used as another check on employees. Its a control device to monitor performanceGoal accomplishment can become an obsession. In some situations, goal setters have become so preoccupy with achieving their goals that they neglect other important areas of their jobs (Gibson et al,2000)Job Design Theory chore c haracteristic theory (job design) (JD) Seek to identify occupation characteristics of jobs, how these characteristics combined in ordination to form jobs that are different, and their relationships to employee motivation, satisfaction, and performance (Kini and Hobson, 2002 605). The Hackman-Oldman job characteristics model, a derived of this theory developed in Japan which contends that providing employees with task variety, task identify, task significance, task autonomy, and feed back, will lead to three critical psychological states (experienced meaningfulness of the work, experienced responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of the actual results) which, in turn, will lead to high internal motivation, high quality work performance, high work satisfaction, and low absenteeism and turnover (McAfee, Quarstein, and Ardalan,1995).The impact of this theory for management is in order to keep the employees fulfill and motivated in their jobs, so managers mustEmployees should be pr ovided with a variety of skills on their workplaceEmployees should be given license and freedom to schedule and plan their tasksOne on the most important part that managers must provide constant feedback as to how employees are bill to set goals.Content theories of MotivationEmployees on their work bring their feelings, beliefs and perceptions which determine their modus on daily operation and daily tasks. It is the reason that managers constantly look to understand, explain the nature of employees behaviour is world predicted by the managers. Content theories of motivation explain and describe factors within the person that energize, direct, sustain and stop behaviour. The major theories of motivation are explained as underMaslows need hierarchyAderfers ERG theoryMcClellands learned need and theory of takeMaslows Hierarchy of NeedsThe wide cited and discussed motivation theory i.e. the need hierarchy model is presented by Abraham Maslow. In this model the lowest level needs a re the physiological needs, and the highest -level needs are for self-actualization. Maslow defined tender-hearted needs as underphysiologic the need for water, food, shelter and relief from pain.Safety and security the need for freedom from threat and safety of life.Belongingness, genial, and love the need for friendship, affiliation, interaction and love family and so onEsteem the need for self- reckon and for respect from othersSelf-actualization the need of fulfilling oneself by maximize the use of abilities and skills.Maslows theory assumes that an individual attempts to satisfy the more basic needs i.e. the physiological needs before directing the behaviour towards satisfying speeding level needs i.e. self-actualization.Lower order or level needs must be satisfied before a higher order need such as self-actualization begins to control an individuals behaviour. check to Maslow, a satisfied needs leads motivation or it motivates.Aldersfers ERG theoryAlderfer agreed with A braham Maslow that needs are arranged in hierarchy. His proposed hierarchy of needs involves three sets of needs which are followsExistence the needs which are satisfied with such factors as water, air, pay, food and working conditions.Relatedness the needs that are satisfied with the love of family, friends, social and interpersonal relationships.Growth the needs which are satisfied by an individual do productive and creative contributions.Three needs presented by Aldefers existence (E), relatedness (R), and offset (G), or ERG relates or correspond to Maslows in the existence needs are similar to Maslows physiological and safety categories the relatedness needs are similar to the hold upingness, social and love category and the growth needs are similar to the esteem and self-actualization categories. Maslow proposed that unfilled needs at one level are most of the importance and that needs on the next higher level arent emotional until the currently need s are fulfilled or sat isfied. In contrast to Alderfers ERG theory says that in addition to satisfaction-progression process that Maslow proposed, a foiling regression process is also at work by the aforesaid(prenominal) time. Alderfer and Maslow need theories of motivation have been criticized. Need theories have been regarded as simple, very easily expressed views of human behaviour (Gibson et al, 2000).McClellands learned theory of needsLearned theory of motivation was proposed and presented by David C. McClelland and this theory is closely related with learning concepts. David believed that many of our needs are acquired from the culture of a society. There are three learned needs which are the need for exploit (n Ach), the need for affiliation (n Aff), and the need of power (n Pow).It was suggested by McClelland that when need is heavy in an individual, the moments that arises is to motivate him or her to use behaviour track to satisfaction.Motivation and Job SatisfactionBased on perceptions, a ttitudes, personality and learning motivation plays a very important role in intellectual behaviour. Job satisfaction is a result of employees thinking that how their jobs provide them what is important. According to (Mitchell and lasan, 1987), it is recognized that in the field of organizational behaviour that job satisfaction frequently and most studied attitude.Motivation and job satisfaction can be studied through several approaches content theories and through reinforcement theories. Specifically the term employee motivation is complicated and difficult to define. The liveliness of an organization whether its private or public, comes from the motivation of their workforce and their abilities plays crucial role in their work performance (Lewis, Goodman and Fandt, 1995).Reinforcement TheoriesReinforcement is explained as any effect that causes behaviour to be iterate which can be either positive or negative (Naylor, 1999, p.540). Skinner (1939, 1971) conducted several studies a nd came up with the idea of conditioning model which proposed that if pleasant consequences follow a behaviour, the behaviour will tend to continue whereas, if unpleasant behaviour will tend to continue therefore the behaviour will tend to continue whereas, if unpleasant consequences follow a behaviour the behaviour tends to stop. (Luthans Kreitner, 1985). Reinforcement theory relies on two assumptions first, behaviour of human is determined by the surroundings and environment and second, human behaviour is subject to observable laws. The Law of effect is the foundation of the reinforcement consequences whether are negative or Positive behaviour will be repeated (Lewis et al, 1995).Job SatisfactionThe work motivation theories that have been just explained have been used for centuries just to explain that what motivates individuals to work. And the same theories can be used to find out that how other people are satisfied in their jobs. For example as Maslows Hierarchy of needs expl ains that if people are quick-witted and satisfied o their jobs if there needs are met. And learning theories proposed that by seeing others rewarded for certain standards of performance people would be motivated. And on the other hand if people will see their co-workers are being penalize for not meeting the standards of the organization or not fulfilling the requirements of the organization they will try to work harder to avoid the pain or insult of being punished and so on.Some people say that job satisfaction is simple that how people feel regarding their jobs and different phases of their jobs (Sector, 1997). This assumes that employees will be satisfied or happy if they like their jobs. Another view of Job Satisfaction is that happiness is associated with doing a particular job as expressed by the job-holder (Gibson et al, 2000). The feelings and attitudes one has about ones job whether positive and negative, good and bad are likely to contribute for the development of feeli ngs of satisfaction (Riggio, 2000).MethodologyThe methodology that has been follow for the related subject study is precisely described below painsThe industry which I select for the research is the Airline Industry.Population and taste sizeThe population of the industry was very large therefore gismo sampling has been done for this study. The sample consists of individuals who are working in PIAs human resource department and Information technology department on marrow level and lower level employees.RespondentsSample drawn from this industry is 60 respondents. From them 30 are working as a middle level and 30 are working as lower level employees. The respondents belong to departments i.e. human resource department and information technology department.Data charm methodFor the purpose of data collection an instrument (i.e. questionnaires) will be used.Data AnalysisData will be analyzed on the basis of the employees response to the questionnaire, in which bar and pie charts are a part of analysis

Chemistry Report on Explosives

chemistry Report on Explosives chemistry Report on ExplosivesWhat is meant byoxidation and show how oxidation reactions ar used to f are explosions.Oxidation is the term used for the combinationof a substance with type O, or in general any reaction where an atom ormolecule loses electrons.This can be shown asC(s) + O2 (g)CO (g)S=solid, g= throttleGunpowderor swart powder is the oldest explosive we know. It is do up of a mixture ofpotassium nitrate ( overly known as potassium nitrate or KNO3), charcoal, andsulfur in different proportions. When gunpowder is manufactured today, it ismade with the ratios 7.51.51 by mass (2).Bothgunpowder and dynamite have within them substances which are readily availableto oxidation. The atomic number 8 which is used for the oxidation is an intrinsic partof the mixture, and is held within them in the same behavior that oxygen isstored in the chemic potassium chlorate.Whengunpowder is roused, this oxidation is extremely rapid, and a large volu me ofgas is produced. The gasses are under extreme pressure, which causesthem to expand rapidly. inflame is produced causing the gas particles toaccelerate, creating even more(prenominal) pressure. If the gas expands faster than thespeed of sound, this creates a shockwave. The pressure produced by the gassesis what causes parts of the bomb (shrapnel) to be propel lead far and widely atvery laid-back speeds(1).Thespeed at which something oxidises is dependant on its potential to interactwith oxygen. The greater come up of unstable electrons that a molecule or atomhas to lose, the quicker it will be oxidised (3).b)Give an account of thedevelopment of chemical compounds for use in explosives. get out theadvantages of each new chemical explosive over its predecessors, and describehow the explosives were adapted to arrange them safer and more nucleusive. (9marks)It is thought that the firstexplosive discovered was black powder, originating in 10th blow China. Itwas used for cer emonial sackworks. In Europe, 1242 saw the formula for blackpowder being publish by Roger Bacon. The refinement of the substance closelyfollowed after the gun was invented by Berthold Schwartz in 1300. Around thistime, black powder was being used for removal of swings, the teqnique was knownas fire setting, but this was replaced with blare at the beginning of the17th Century. There are records of blasting in America from 1773 (4).The production of black powderwas rapidly increased during the American Revolution. By the turn of thecentury, the commercial production of the explosive had grown from 25 millionto 100 million (2).In 1846, Nitroglycerin wasdiscovered by Ascanio Sobrero. Nitroglycerin plasticizes collodion which is aform of guncotton to form blasting gelatin. This is a very powerfulexplosive. The discovery of this action led to the advancement of ballistite, thefirst double-base propellant and a precursor of cordite.Alfred Nobel built a pulverisation toproduce it in 1 861 in Sweden. An advantage of nitroglycerin was its massiveexplosive power, but it was very knockout to enthral as it is a liquid,which used black powder to ignite it. It could also freeze and had toxic fumeswhich caused severe headaches (5).In 1867, Nobel accidentallyinvented Dynamite and he went on to patent his mixture. It was a greatdiscovery, being more powerful than black powder, with a higher detonationvelocity which made it much more effective gaolbreak rock as it non only moved,but broke apart the rockAmmonium nitrate was initially synthesizedin 1659 by J. R. Glauber by blending ammonium carbonate and nitric acid. It wasmostly used for fertilizer and blasting and to replace a portion ofnitroglycerin in dynamite (1).Dupont introduced Nitramon in1935. This was seen as a breakthrough. They had safe handling, were inexpensiveand did not cause wellness problems.It was known as ANFO (AmmoniumNitrate Fuel Oil) when it was developed in 1955. During its production itcaused a large Texas City explosion. It was easy to load and transport andcheaper than dynamite, it is not a Class A explosive until mixed, but itsaction could be decreased by water. Over 2.2 billion pounds of it were producedin 1974.Water gels were developed from researchto exercise the water problem with ammonium nitrate products (early 1940s). Themarket was small though as most applications needed a small product and therewas no sparing sensitizer was not available.c)Discuss, with reference to highand low explosives, the ideal features of an explosive reaction, explaining,with examples, how chemical reactions produce verve and how they causeincrease in pressure. (6 marks)There are three categories of explosives high explosives,primary explosives and low explosives. Gunpowder is a low explosive so thereaction occurs slowly. Expanding gasses are used to propel, not destroy, suchas bullet propulsion from a gun (3).In high explosives, destruction is caused by the expandinggasses, and the e xtreme pressure causes a shockwave, if the gas expands morequickly than the speed of sound. The shockwave contributes to the demolitionpower of trinitrotoluene (TNT).Primary explosives are intended to explode not burn. Theyare used for fuses and blasting caps to initiate an explosion. Shockwaves are acrucial factor in explosions. It is a wave formed from a z 1 of enormously highpressure in a fluid, including the atmosphere that travels faster than the speedof sound. It moves from the point of the explosion carrying energy and has a severedamaging effect on solid objects it bounces off (5).In the chemical reaction of the explosion, compounds are brokendown to form various gases. The original chemical compounds (reactants) have muchenergy stored up as chemical bonds between atoms.When molecules break apart, the products (gases) may use some of this energy toform new bonds. Most leftover energy takes the form of extremeheat.d) Describehow UK methods of manufacture of acetone have chan ged since the beginning ofthe First World War. (3 marks)Propanone isalso known as Acetone, 2-propanone, methyl ketone and dimethyl ketone. It hasthe chemical formula(CH3)2C=O.Prior to theFirst World War, it was manufactured by hydration of propene from crackedgases. This was revolutionized during WW1 when the chemist Chaim Weizmann showed that propanone could beproduced by the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, this was acontinuation of the studies in the first place performed by Louis Pasteur showingfermentation was promoted by microbes in the 19th century (2).e) Discuss how attitudes to health and safety in chemicalresearch and industrial chemistry have changed over time. do examples from thehistory of the development and manufacture of explosives and medicines.(4marks)In modern times, we have a numberof health and safety legislations which govern the manufacturing and use ofexplosives for their various purposes. One example is the 1996 the States Departmentof Commerce direct ive on the manufacturing of fireworks and explosives (6).There are now very strict regulations ensuring that everyone working in thesector is protected as far as possible. It is also accepted that the companiesinvolved have responsibility to protect their workers from harm and mustprovide safety equipment (3).historically there have been huge numbers of accidentsduring explosive production. At one gunpowder mill in the early 19thcentury, situated in Roslin, Scotland, explosions killed two men shortly afterthe mill opened in 1805 and three more were killed by 1815. Many more followed.Deaths caused during the manufacturing process would have numbered greatly asthis was serious from one of the thousands of mills worldwide during a shortperiod.Old attitudes focused on worker responsibility, were nowresponsibility should be shouldered by the company also.ConclusionExplosions are due to combustionwhich involves the use of the oxidation process. Depending on how available thesubstance i s to interact with oxygen will depend on how quickly it is oxidised.The more quickly it is oxidised, the more quickly the gases will expand and themore devastating the explosion will be.ReferencesChang, Raymond, ecumenical Chemistry The Essential Concepts 4th Edition 2004Kotz, John C., Paul M. Treichel, and Gabriela weaver finch Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 6th Edition 2003Spencer, James N., George M. Bodner and Lyman H. Rickard Chemistry Structure and Dynamics 3rd Edition 1999Infelta, Pierre Introductory Thermodynamics maiden Edition 2005Smith, E. Brian Basic Chemical Thermodynamics 5thEdition 2004USA Department Commerce, 009, Manufacture of Fireworks June 2002

Physical Exercise Reduce Symptoms Depression Health And Social Care Essay

Physical Exercise Reduce Symptoms unkept gear hygienicness And Social Cargon EssayThe aim of this endeavor go out be to discuss and apply selected tell apart link to nursing rule within a chosen field. prove based figure is an attempt used by clinicians to deliver the highest timberland c ar to meet the demand of patients and their families. By decision appraising and using the best point, wellness professionals be able to achieve optimum outcomes for both. (Melnyk Finout-Overholt 2005). However, an alternative view betokens that evidence exists to set forth and guide practice instead than dictate it. (McKenna et Al 1999). When clinicians apply an evidence based model, the best available evidence, modified by patient comp unitynt and preferences, is use to improve the quality of clinical judge ments. (McMaster clinical Epidemiology Group 1997)A recognised framework provide be used to identify a nous and then a taxonomical publications hunt club will be car ried out to assist in state this oral sex. A retroflex of this search will be provided and search parameters will be applied to gain the most relevant lit. After applying these parameters the search will be narrowed down to the quin most relevant pieces of look into. A shelve will be provided to show the key findings from each piece of literature, and mavin piece of inquiry will then be critiqued in erudition using a recognised framework.The question identified in this essay is Can animal(prenominal) mould or action at law abet to shrivel up the symptoms of depression in hoarer adults, compared to most other body-builds of sermon?Background and reflexion of QuestionThe question was devised using the PICO framework. This framework often is used to course of compositionulate clinical questions (Craig Smyth 2002), and it identifies and defines the essential comp peerlessnts of a good clinical question. PICO is an acronym for patient universe of interest, interve ntion, comparison intervention and outcome ( subject area impart for health and clinical excellence 2007). Patient cosmos of interest shall be former(a) persons diagnosed with depression, intervention shall be physical exploit or activity, the comparison intervention shall be other forms of intervention for depression and the outcome will be a decrement in the symptoms of depression. A well thought out and formulated question maximises the potential for finding relevant evidence for a patient population (Craig Smyth 2002) effect in onetime(a) adults refers to depressive syndromes defined in the American psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) and in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) that prepare in slew cured than period 65 long snip. In old age, the symptoms of depression often affect pot with chronic medical illnesses, cognitive impairment, or dis talent. (Alexopolous et al 2002). For a major depressive episode to be diagnosed, volt of the following symptoms must be present depressed mood, pocket-size interest, issue of pleasure in all or almost all activities, encumbrance loss or gain (more than 5% of bodyweight), insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor tumult or retardation, fatigue, feeling of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, reduced ability to concentrate, recurrent thought of death or suicide.At least one of the symptoms must be either depressed mood or diminished interest or pleasure. The episode should last at least 2 weeks, lead to distress or situational impairment, and non be a field effect of substance use, a medical condition, or bereavement. (Depression like a shot 2010). Two of the symptoms detailed above must be present for a in evidential depressive episode to be diagnosed.Between one and quaternary percentage of the general elderly population has major depression, and kidskin depression has a prevalence of between four and thirteen percent (Blazer 2003). Twice as many women as men are affected. Both the prevalence (Palsson et al 2001) and the incidence (Teresi et al 2001) of major depression double after age 70-85 long time.Treatment for depression commonplacely involves a combination of anti tranquilizing drugs, talking therapies such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy or interpersonal Therapy and self help. (NHS Choices 2010). A recent check cogitate that physical action computer platformmes can obtain confine a beneficial effect on depressive symptoms in ripened spate. Although not appropriate for all older people reading whitethorn improve mood in those undertaking it. (Blake et al 2009)Systematic Literature SearchA systematic recap of the literature was carried out using the CINAHL and PubMed databases and the search scathe depression physical cypher and old* were used. CINAHL was found to be particularly useful as it practical to specify the age separate required in the literature search. For the purposes of this search ag e 65+ was selected. PubMed is the public access version of Medline, a encyclopedic database which indexes thousands of journals in the medical sciences field. (TVU 2010a). The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Indexes virtually all English language journals from 1983 onwards. This database coers midwifery, nursing and related disciplines (TVU 2010b). Initially the searches indicated a vast array of literature hardly by applying a systematic review this was reduced. By using a transparent search strategy with Boolean techniques the number of documents was limited to thirty. These were then reviewed and fivesome articles were then selected which addressed the question of exercise as a form of treatment for older people diagnosed with depression. The search parameters were limited to studies written in the English language, the age and the subjects, and both sexes were to be include. Harvard (2007) suggests that by applying parameters such as these the most u p to date and relevant literature can be sourced. A full record of this search history is attached in appendage 1 and 2.A summary of the findings in the five pieces of search selected is detailed in the table overleaf. This table follows a structure recommended by Timmins McCabe (2005).Author and YearJournalType of StudyPurpose hearDesignData CollectionKey FindingsBlake et al 2009clinical replacementQualitativeTo assess ability of physical exercise in11 trials totalling 641 participantsVariedVaried1 Exercise not relevant2009 23 873-887systematictreating depression in older adultsto all in groupreview2 whitethorn improve mood3 make head course research neededto confirm medium tolong status set up andcost efficaciousnessMather et al 2002British Journal ofQuantitativeTo pay off whether exercise is effective86 participants split intoRCTclinical1 belittled improvementPsychiatry (2002)as an addition to anti depressants in step-downtwo groups hearingin symptoms after 10180411- 415depressive symptoms in older adultsweeks2 older people shouldbe encour elder to follow exercise classesBrenes et al 2007Aging psychic HealthQuantitativeTo see feasibility and efficacy of exercise and37 participants, 32 absoluteRCT unified1 Both exerciseJan 200711(1)61-68anti depressants compared with usualthe studyclinical interviewand medication weretreatments for older adults withobservedshown to be statisticallyminor depressionself reportingmore effective thancurrent treatment2 Exercise as well as aidedphysical functioningKerse et al 2010Annals of FamilyQuantitativeTo assess enduringness of home based193 participants, 187 completedRCTstructured1 exercise and lovingMedicine 8214-223 (2010)physical exercise plan in treating olderthe studyclinical interviewvisits showed similaradults with depressive symptoms compared cause in improvingto social visitsmood an quality of life2 More research is requiredBlumenthal et al recital of InternalQuantitativeto assess effectiveness of exercise156 participantsRCTstructured1 after 16 weeks1999Medicine 159(19) (1999)compared to antidepressants for treatmentclinical interviewexercise equally effectiveof major depression in olderas anti depressantsCritical AppraisalThe following appraisal was structured by using an approved and recognised framework for completing such tasks. (Polit et al. 2001)The article selected for censorious appraisal is effectuate of exercise on depressive symptoms in older adults with unwell antiphonary depressive disorder. (Mather et al. 2002). A copy of the article is attached as appendix 2.The aim of the study was to de depotine whether exercise is effective as an ancillary to antidepressant therapy in reducing depressive symptoms in older people. This was all the way defined. In the introduction the authors give tongue to that it is widely held that exercise is useful in depression, but that there were few studies on the potential effects that exercise may have as an addition to antid epressant therapies for older adults.The key finding of this study was that at ten weeks older people with poorly responsive depressive disorder showed a modest improvement in depressive symptoms and should therefore be encour venerable to see group exercise activities.The study conducted was a randomise controlled trial. Randomised controlled trials are the most rigorous way of determining whether a relation exists between treatment and outcome and for assessing the cost effectiveness of a treatment. (Sibbald Rowland 1998). Patients were randomly selected to attend either exercise classes or health fosterage talks for ten weeks. Assessments were machination and were conducted at baseline, ten and thirty four weeks. The primary outcome was mensurated with the 17 item Hamilton military rating get over for Depression (HRSD). HRSD is a multiple choice questionnaire used by clinicians to measure the severity of major depression in patients. (Hamilton 1960). The nature of both inte rventions is clearly described by the authors. All participants were outpatients recruited from primary care, psychiatric services and direct advertisement. 1885 patients were screened with a view to recruitment, and 86 were selected at random for the study. To be include patients were required to have symptoms of depression, and to be older than fifty three years of age. In addition patients had to have been receiving antidepressant therapy for at least hexad weeks, without evidence of a sustained improvement in their condition. Patients were excluded if there was alcoholic drink or substance misuse, structured psychotherapy in place, or were already taking regular exercise. Patients with specific medical conditions preventing physical exercise were also excluded. Both groups were informed of the nature of the trial, and all patients gave written informed consent. The study was approved by a medical research ethics committee. at that place were two groups with 43 patients in each and were comparable in terms of age range and symptom presentation. There was til now a rotund preponderance of women in the exercise group. The authors suggest that this may have introduced a bias into the results, and suggest a control group could be introduced in the future without either intervention. The outcomes for both groups were measured in the same way by the proportion of participants achieving a greater than thirty percent lessening in HRSD score from baseline. The results are shown in a statistical formatting and are recorded in a table.There are cardinal four references in the report which support the evidence presented by the authors.The implications for the health service are that structured group exercise sessions can help to make a modest improvement in patients who are not responding to pharmacological treatment and that older people with depressive disorders should be encouraged to attend group exercise activities. It should be noted that one of the author s of the research is co-director of a company providing exercise classes for older people and whose profits support research into aging.Review of LiteratureThis review of literature will show how the five main studies and all available literature assist in answering the set question. The first part of this review will concentrate on the five main studies and the second part will contain evidence from a wide range of sources and relate this combined information to governing body policy and guidelines. There will also be evidence of how all the information relates back to practice.It is well acknowledged that depression is widespread (Osborn et al 2003) and is the most prevalent mental health problem for older people (Age Concern 2007) The condition affects one in five people over 65 and rises to two in five in those over 85 (Mental Health Foundation 2008). The use of exercise to combat depression is well supported due to its effects on enhancing mood, improving cognitive function an d reducing anxiety it is also less expensive than medication (Louch 2008). A literature review was conducted to examine whether exercise could be an effective form of treatment for older adults with depressive symptoms. member 1 (Blake, Mo, Malik and Thomas 2008) conducted a systematic review of eleven randomized control trials in order to establish whether physical activity interventions were successful in alleviating depressive symptoms in older people. Trials were included in the review when more than 80% of the participants were greater than lux years old. In nine of the eleven studies scam term positive outcomes were found, although the mode, colour and duration of the exercise program protested across the studies. The medium to long term effects of exercise as an intervention were less clear. This outcome is back up by Mead et al (2008) who concluded that exercise seems to improve depressive symptoms in people with a diagnosis of depression, but the effects are check over and not statistically significant.However a randomized controlled trial conducted by Blumenthal et al (1999) ( name 2) had reached different conclusions. One hundred and fifty six men and women aged over fifty were split into groups randomly to a program of aerobic exercise, antidepressants (sertraline hydrochloride) or combined exercise and medication. After xvi weeks of treatment the patients did not differ significantly statistically either on Hamilton Rating case for Depression or Beck Depression Inventory scores. The study concluded that antidepressant medication had the most rapid effect, but after sixteen weeks exercise was equally effective in reducing symptoms of major depressive disorder. hold 3 (Brenes et al 1999) conducted a pilot study designed as a randomized clinical trial to test the feasibility and efficacy of an exercise program and antidepressant treatment compared with usual care in improving emotional and physical functioning in older adults with minor depre ssion. A total of thirty seven participants aged over sixty five were randomized to treatment fourteen to exercise, eleven to sertraline and xii to usual care. Patients who standard either exercise or sertraline treatments demo improvement both in clinician led and self reported measures of depressive symptoms. Those participants who legitimate the usual package care experienced small or no improvement in mental state. There are some limitations to this study however. The sample size was small and thus the statistical power was weak. The diagnosis of minor depression was based on self diagnosis rather than clinical interview. It was also not stated in the report what the usual care was. There were however significant trends to suggest that sertraline and exercise could be used as treatments for mild depression in older adults, and that a more in depth study should be undertaken.Article 4 (Kerse et al 2010) published a study comparing the effects of a home based exercise program with regular social contact in improving function, quality of life and mood in older people with depressive symptoms. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in which one hundred and ninety three people aged over 70 five with depressive symptoms received either an individualized physical activity program or social visits delivered over six months. The social visits were of the same time span as the exercise program. Outcome measures were obtained at three, six and cardinal months. Both physical and mental well being was measured using a variety of techniques including a short function test, and the Nottingham Extended Activities of mundane Living Scale (Nouri Lincoln 1987). It was concluded that a structured activity program improved mood and quality of life for older people with depressive symptoms as much as the effect of social visits. There was however no control group being measured that was receiving usual care.Article 5 (Mather et al 2002) set out to determine whether exercise is effective as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in reducing depressive symptoms in older people. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in which eighty six participants aged between fifty three and ninety one already receiving anti depressant therapy were given either exercise classes or health information talks over a ten week period. Assessments were made blind at baseline, ten and thirty four weeks using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression as the primary outcome. At ten weeks a significantly higher proportion of the exercise group (55% compared with 33%) experienced a greater than 30% decline in depression. In an article in The British Journal of Psychiatry in 2002, Jagadheesan et al critiqued this study and stated that it could have been more meaningful if a control group had been added which received no additional treatment other than continuing antidepressants. (Jagadheesan et al 2002).The mass of research above suggests that physical exercise reduce s depression and depressive symptoms in the short term in older adults, but additional well controlled studies are required to determine the long term efficacy. A systematic review carried out by Sjosten Kivela supports these findings (Sjosten Kivela 2002). Direct comparisons between studies is difficult as they differ greatly in characteristics, nature of control comparison group, age of the participants, eccentric person and intensity of exercise and outcome measures used to follow up.National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines are set out to assist clinicians and patients in fashioning decisions about appropriate treatment for specific conditions. The guidelines for depression suggest that for particularly for patients with mild or moderatedepressive disorders, structured and supervised exercise can be an effective intervention that has a clinically significant impact on depressive symptoms. There is also evidence to suggest that individuals with low mood may also b enefit from structured and supervised exercise. (NICE 2005). goalPhysical exercise is clinically beneficial in the short term for treatment of depressive symptoms in older people. Exercise, although not appropriate for all older persons with depression, may improve mood in this group. Evidence of the cost effectiveness of providing exercise interventions would be beneficial in helping decision making regarding service use and delivery. More well designed research studies are needed to examine the medium and long term benefits of exercise as a treatment for depressive symptoms in older adults, and to examine the types and duration of interventions that have the most positive effect.Word Count 3008ReferencesAge Concern (2007) Mental Health service Letting Down Older People. On Line procurable at http//www.ageuk.org.uk/ Accessed 12 May 2010 capital of the United Kingdom Age Concern.Alexopoulos, G.S., Buckwalter, K., Olin, J., Martinez, R., Wainscott, C., Krishnan, K.R. (2002) Comorbid ity of late-life depression an opportunity for research in mechanisms and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2002 52543-58.Blake, H., Mo, P., Malik, S., Thomas, S. (2009) How Effective are Physical activity Interventions for Alleviating Depressive Symptoms in Older People? A Systematic Review Clinical Rehabilitation 2009 23 873-887Blazer, D.G. (2003) Depression in late life review and commentary. J Gerontol Med Sci 2003 56A 249-65.Blumenthal, J.A., Babyak, M.A., Moore, K.A., Craighead, E., Herman, S., Khatri, P., Waugh, R., Napolitano, M.A., Forman, L.M., Appelbaum, M., Doraiswamy, P.M., Krishnan, K.R., (1999) cause of Exercise Training on Older patients with major(ip) Depression Archives Of Internal Medicine Vol. 159 No.19, October 25, 1999Brenes, G.A., Williamson, J.D., Messier, S.P., Rejeski, W.J., Pahor, M., Ip, E., Penninx, J.H. (2007) Treatment of Minor Depression in Older Adults A Pilot Study Comparing sertraline and Exercise Aging Mental Health, January 2007 11(1) 61-68Craig, J.V . (2002). How to ask the right question. In J.V. Craig R.L. Smyth (Eds.), Evidence-based practice manual for nurses (pp. 21-44). Philadelphia Churchill Livingstone.Depression Today (2010) DSM IV Online Available at http//www.mental-health-today.com/dep/dsm.htm Accessed 8 May 2010Hamilton, M (1960) A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 23 56-62Harvard, L. (2007) How to conduct an effective and valid literature search. Nursing Times 103, (45), 32-33Jagadheesan, K., Chakraborty, S., Sinha, V.K., Nizamie, S.H. (2002) Effects of Exercise on Depression in Old Age The British Journal of Psychiatry (2002) 181 532Kerse, N., Hayman, K.J., Moyes, S.A., Peri, K., Robinson, E., Dowell, A., Kolt, G.S., Elley, C.R., Hatcher, S., Kiata, E., Wiles, J., Keeling, S., Parsons, J., Arroll B., (2010) Home-Based Activity Program for Older People With Depressive Symptoms DeLLITE A Randomized Controlled Trial Annals of Family Medicine 8214-223 (2010)Louch, P. 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Philadelphia, PA Lippincott Williams Wilki ns.Mental Health Foundation (2007) Depression and Suicide in Later Life On Line Available at http//www.mentalhealth.org.uk/information/mental-health-a-z/depression-and-suicide-in-later-life/?locale=en Accessed 12 May 2010 London Mental Health FoundationNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2005) Depression Management of depression in primary and lower-ranking care National Institute for Health and Clinical ExcellenceNational Institute for Clinical Excellence (2007) Developing Clinical Questions Online Available at http//www.nice.org.uk/niceMedia/pdf/GuidelinesManualChapter5.pdf Accessed 8 May 2010NHS Choices (2010) Treating Depression On Line Available at http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/depression/pages/treatment.aspx Accessed 16 May 2010Nouri, F.M. Lincoln, N.B. (1987) An Extended Activities of Daily Living Index for stroke patients. Clinical Rehabilitation 1987 1301-5.Osborn, P.J., Fletcher, A.E., Smeeth, L., Stirling, S., Bulpitt, C., Nunes, M., Breeze, E., Edmond, S.W.Ng., Jones, D., Tulloch, A. (2003) Performance of a single screening question for depression in a representative sample of 13,670 people aged 75 and over in the UK Results from the MRC trial of assessment and management of older people in the community. Family Practice 20 6, 682-684Palsson, S., Ostling, S., Skoog, I. (2001) The incidence of first barrage depression in a population followed from the age of 70 to 85.Psychol Med 2001 31 1159-68.Polit, D.F., Beck, C.T., and Hungler, B.P. (2001) Essentials of nursing research methods, appraisal and utilisation. (5th Ed.) Philadelphia Lippincott.Sibbald, B. Roland, M. (1998) Understanding controlled trials Why are disarrange controlled trials important? BMJ 1998 316201 (17January)Sjosten, N., Kivela, S.L., (2006) The effects of physical exercise on depressive symptoms among the aged a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 May 21(5)410-8Teresi, J., Abrams, R., Holmes, D., Ramirez, M., Eimicke, J. (2001) Prevalence of de pression and depression course credit in nursing homes. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001 36 613-29.Thames Valley University (2010a) Library service Databases A-Z Online Available at http//lrs.tvu.ac.uk/eresources/atozlist.jsp?id= Accessed 2nd May 2010Thames Valley University (2010b) Library Services Databases A-Z Online Available at http//lrs.tvu.ac.uk/eresources/atozlist.jsp?id= Accessed 2nd May 2010Timmins, F. McCabe, C. (2005) How to conduct an effective literature search Nursing Standard November 23 vol 20 no 11Appendix 1Copies of Search Strategies

What Strategies Have Trade Unions Been Adopting Essay

What Strategies Have Trade mergers Been Adopting canvasEmployee relations do non exist in a vacuum. They be located within, influenced by, and in turn impact upon many an(prenominal) otherwise aspects of the build constitution and wider society, in that respectfore, employee relations sustain been defined and described by contrastive authors and establishments in so many fashions notwithstanding the most Copernican aspect to both in all their definitions is the fact that employee relations argon basically the loll h gray-headed of of the regulation of enjoyment relationship amid employers and employees (Rose, 2004).The direct relationship exercise between the negotiation of devil important institutions ar k instantaneouslyn as the trade wind northern (or more than than often called a non- marriage collectively representing employees) and the state. A trade sum of money in its simplest role represents a group of workers in connection with one employer.Th e trade heart density can be seen in Appendix 1, which shows the rank and file rate and the correct in social station. The strategies infra be possessed of been used by trade gists to curb the declension of trade sum membership.One important question to be asked in the linked Kingdoms business relation is the extent to which trades sum of money decline since the 1970s is essential. This has do unions association increase and a decrease in membership rate and regular restrictions on union doings through legislation and government action. more than so, recent union decline has happened to fall into a longitudinal speech rhythm which reflects a season of readjustment to fluctuating economic conditions and structures. Others go through cerebrate arguing that the factors responsible for union decline argon such that unions are apparent to struggle to recover any markerificant presence, particularly in the private area.Trade Unions score responded to the loss of their members and the appearance of a more fragmented roil grocery in mixed routes. The decline in the number of the union from 326 in 1988 to 167 in 2008 has proved that many unions capture merged to consolidate resources and improve their economies of scale (EIROnline 2009). Some strategies that hurl been ordain in location to re sore trade union membership are partnership, organising, workplace learning and the procurement motion that carry been other line responses. Furthermore, The Unite announced that it bequeath just without delay offer community memberships to students, wizard parents and the speculateless for 50 pence a week, and is considering using the scheme to offer statutory support and educational facilities in ex intensify for collective community action (The Guardian 2012).There exists various methods for trade unions to secure new members, in which they may opt to sit tight waiting upon external environment (unemployment to fall, manufacturing to recover, firms to grow in size, etc.), excessively, they may engage in some(prenominal) initiatives to prove new members, whereas those in authority may strategize plans such as enlisting drivers targeted towards specific group of people and to improve the success of the government. Many unions have pursued to offer new services (both to employees and employers), while others have resolute to use the traditional approach explaining the roles of the trade union such as protecting employee rights, etc. The individual unions and the cut into doings particularly face several choices and challenges due to the structure of so many unions out in that location in various theorise territories and the authority of TUC. For example, some unions such as the old craft- found unions like the NGA, had a close membership base while others particularly the two well-know ones (the TGWU and GMB) and a number of ex-craft based unions (such Amicus) which their enterment process has improve d are always in constant contest for members in similar job territories.In recent years trade union has tried to regulate contestation more closely by sign off all case-by-case union contracts entirely this has resulted in a challenge as the Congress does not have enough federal agency over its affiliates (expulsion, for example The TUC tenderest agreement can actually increase competition between unions as the excluded union is no longer bound to applaud other unions membership territories, and vice versa). Appendix 2 summarizes those possibilitiesUnions face many resources when it comes to the issue of recruitment because they can choose to attempt more members in places where recognition already exists, they can also decide to recruit in areas where no form of recognition exists (this will happen with the intention that as membership grows it will speck to recognition), they can also merge with other union which will not only increase their membership exactly also t heir recruitment base and finally trade unions can establish to secure recognition ( oneness-union) agreements at a non-union which would serve as a process of delivering membership from among those employed at the site (Willman 1989).The Union amalgamation which is one of the strategies of membership renewal by trade unions. Willman 1989, particularly argues that the option of merger or employment agreement is a more approach effective method than choosing individual members especially in places where employers are contrasted to unionism, this therefore means that the more cost-effective means are likely to hold sway, even though it will lead to more inter-union competition for members in a particular area (this is what Williams terms as market share unionism).The increase in market share unionism has been bombastic in the UK roil battlefront in the last generation which do famous unions have either participated in get together or have undefeatedly completed one. This patt ern of decrease in the number of unions have been happening since 1920 as sh throw in appendix 3, what seems to be new is the upper berth at which the number of unions decline which has led to an increase in encounter activities and also helped to curb the nations smaller trade unions, for example, the 1980s have save the most steepest decline ever in the number of trade unions falling by over third in the ten-year period and in the mid-nineties a number of unions fell to the highest degree one-quarter. The increasing ratio of decline within the trade union movement is due to the fact that in 2000 the eight largest trade unions (each having 250,000 members or more) accounted for over 72 portion of all union members meanwhile less than 10 percent of all unions now account now account for almost 87 percent of all union members.Merging up unions can exist in various forms such as the amalgamation (which is where two or more unions wedlock together to form a new union) and transf er engagements (where one union is incorporated by another and loses its legal rights) (Bird et al 1992). One usual merge that recently occurred in 2002, was the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union (AEEU) with Manufacturing, Science and Finance Union (MSF) to form AMICUS. Another merger that took place was the merger in 2001 of the Institution of professional of Professional Managers and Specialists (IPMS) and the Engineering and Managers standstill (EMA) to form Prospect. With over 1.5 million members as at date, UNITE is cognise to be Britains largest trade union (The guardian 2012). In usual, more unions seek mergers than them actually achieving it (Willman 1996).The most important attribute of recent merging compared to the ones in last decades is that defensive mergers (the 1970s) where small unions required the security of bigger unions so as to avoid financial chores/ membership decline (Undy et al 1981). For example, the merging between the 1980s and early 190 0s are known to be aggressive (Buchanan 1992), but in recent years it has involved two strong unions who decide to pool their resources for mutual profit. E.g. NGA/SOGAT (to form GPMU) and ACTT/BETA (to form BECTU). Amicus and unity are two study aggressive mergers that are designed to protect their membership and also expand trade union territories so as to improve growth.Merging has been successful, however, they are faced with challenges which are driven by the problems of membership decline which has not only been a defensive case, as sometimes the opposite might just happen. As Waddington 2003 stated that there has been no evidence that merged unions have been very successful into new areas of membership growth. The outcome resulting from the desire to merge has been to simplify the historical labyrinthian structure of the British Union or change the decline in membership (Waddington 1995).Trade unions in earlier years were (closed) craft based organisation that allowed le ss skilled workers (e.g. boiler authorizers, municipal workers, etc.) to survive and they can be ranked under the GMB. Many unions always lay claim to job territory but in the recent years the union movement have been dominated by just four or cardinal super unions with their membership base been more diverse and the competition for members between unions will not stop (Waddington 1995). For mergers, financial control can lead to improvement in administrative efficiency of super unions but problems of representative effectiveness may be aggravated.The main solution to this problem is the sensation-table and atomic number 53 union agreements. This solution involves the changes in employee relationship at first, but Willman and hollow 1994 noted that inter-union cooperation ( voicet ventures) can be more effective if further mergers make it easy to communicate with super-unions, which brings a conclusion about union mergers that correct TUC or joint ventures between major union can fundamentally increase union membership.Another strategy to be looked into is recruiting new members. In recent decades, many unions have focused their resources on recruiting new members, which was record as a success. Some unions such as the multi-occupational constancy unions (e.g. NUM) and champion-occupation (single industry unions) which already have a mettlesome union density (e.g. ASLEF), their aim of recruiting new members is particularly non-existent. There is a better possibility for general unions (e.g. TGWU and GMB) or those that happen to be in areas of employment growth where union density is low (e.g. UNIFI in finance, etc.). Kelly and Heery (1989) illustration makes it clear that recruitment targets will vary significantly for different trade unions, depending on the proximity of the job territories of say-so members to those organised by the unions and the coverage of recognition agreements among target groups.In some cases(close integrating) the union mi ght be involved in a mopping-out activity of non-union members within the unions existing job territories where the agreements still exist (this is unremarkably referred to as an in-fill recruitment). For example, the TGWU recent recruitment strategy was targeted towards a 100 percent or a 100 per cent plus campaigns but in other situations the union might have a recognition agreement for the industry or specific companies but organisation is poor and union density is low and this is because the institutions are small and difficult to organise/ the labour turnover is high.Statistics from the Labour Force Survey suggests that around 3 million employees who are not union members but work in establishments where there is union recognition and gives an indication for a large membership consolidation (Monks 2001). Whereas, most union organising is directed towards consolidation (Heery et al 2003). Some other membership groups are particularly not covered by a recognition agreement (usua lly higher level or management grades) but find themselves operative in organisations where the union density is already high (close expansion). The most difficult groups to recruit (distant expansion) are those in job territories where the union does not seem to have recognition agreements nor experience of any organisation to build on. It is in this group that one would find out that the membership growth is particularly high but there is poor union organisation.The first step of any recruitment and organisation strategy is identifying membership targets/ what unions term as mapping(which is about building up a small profile of the workplace, workforce, etc.). During union recruitment, most of them wonder why union sign up? and this is so because unions attract a number of new members by offering mouth-watering services to an individual (Bassett and Cave 1993).Bassett and Cave 1993 have it that the new trade unions have a role form to be the Automobile Association or BUPA, havi ng the trade union in form of a private sector organisation which engage in providing many services to people who wish to buy them. This form is wide known as passive consumerism which has evidence for the provision of union credit cards, restitution schemes and other private benefits (Fairbrother 2002).However this strategy has not been particularly successful as it has its shortcomings For example, it makes too many emphases on the extent of individualism select by employers in their human resource management policies (Gallie and Rose 1996) and also the extent to which employees have adopted the model, by placing individual benefits over and in a higher place collective protection in their reasons for joining trade unions. This happens because of social injustice, employment insecurities, etc. in the UK today, which makes most people join the union because if they have a problem at work it will definitely be sorted which is the principal reason for joining along with improved working condition and pay but just a few would choose non-work related service such as trade discounts, etc. (Waddington and Whitston 1997). Therefore, individualism is not only the major reason for union decline but the high demand of workers from unions seem to be the core.The way unions translate workers demands has brought unions to a moderation which Kelly 1996 demonstrates as a case where unions are brought to inadequate returns so subjecting them to greater dependence on the goodwill of the employer. This, therefore, leads to the danger of the servicing model which has a contrast to the organising model. See Appendix 4 for the organisation cycle. militancy is focused on solidarity as opposed to striking action (Organising whole works 1996). Whereas the servicing union expects the union only to ask questions regarding what they can obtain with the union but the organising union focuses on the membership being a value because the act of membership workers should be able to generate its own issues, organise to solve their own problems, etc.The organisation model is particularly focused on participative forms of union organisation. The importance of self-organisation is that workers recruit laddie workers (like-recruits-like), generate their own agenda and also solve their problems.Organising strategy has an advantage to smaller unions or occupational groups within larger unions such as TGWU and the GMB in London, it has done no more than to help stabilise aggregate union membership in the UK (Heery and Adler, 2004). Many unions are particularly wary with the organisation and the financial implication of an organising strategy, that is, the impact on union forcefulness structure and decision making, etc. especially if they experience a reduction in the benefits they get from the union. Better co-ordination of the TUC is majorly needed to spread the organisation agenda widely throughout the labour movement and to anticipate competition especially in t heir quest for new members.Many unions and TUC feel that organising is one of the several methods to be used to rebuild labour movement membership base, their baradd-oning power and their political influence with the government of today. In some cases, all these methods the labour movement adopt (moderation and militancy, the partnership with employees and independent workplace organisation, servicing and organising) are most times often too contradictory.Lastly, the final strategy to be discussed is recruitment through employer agreements, looking back into union mergers the most communal aspect of was that they deliver a whole group of people into unions, so the signing of a single union agreement with an employer can train a substantial number of members of the union concerned. The costs incurred during presentations and the making of approaches to employers, the potential payoffs are always considerable. Also, the employer recognition comes from other benefits of the union.Tra de union experience single union agreements over the past years with some similarities and a number of differences from union recognition and member prototype. For example, representation by a single union (Cully et al 1999) compared to 36 per cent in 1990 (Millward et al 1992). In a majority of establishment (72 per cent) where management recognised only one union which was a result of a formal single union agreement rather than having it working out another way (Cully et al 1999). With this it may become more popular in proximo as a result of statutory union recognition surgery but anywhere else where trade unions who have signed single agreements at greenfield or non-union sites moldiness still convince potential membership that they would gain if they join the union rather than free ride under the comprehensive of the recognition agreement. Research has it that employees still demonstrate an urge to join the union even when they benefit from company specific training, etc. a ll of which are major reasons for trade union membership (Newell 1993).The difference between single union from single table agreements, the latter represents coming together (co-operation) of unions who carry off together with employers around the same table leading to time-saving and increasing flexibility, among workplaces with two or more unions present. Single union bargaining is often associated with single status and more integrated pay schemes, multi-skilling and teamwork. The main difference is that single table agreements are negotiated at brownfield sites (where unions are well complete) but the characteristic attribute of single union agreement is that unions only begin their recruitment of members after recognition has been granted rather than secure recognition as a result of building up a strong and move membership base.However, this has not been particularly successful because it presents the union movements with a problem of inter-union competition (also known as beauty contents) and individual members with inadequate representation and protection. There has been a revival of interests as a result of employment relation Act 1999, which Gall 2003 noted that some employees have established that what they face is not one of granting or granting recognition but to which union should recognition be granted and with what type of deal. TUC figures show that around one-third of all recent recognition agreements were the result of an approach by the employer.The major response of the unions involved in such agreements is that the alternative will be non-unionism which is what many unions have ended up with but from union movement and employee involvement it will be better for a union to get support from the workforce and gain recognition from the employer rather than the other way round. This is so because it has been done in the past especially in the manufacturing sector in larger establishments where most of the single union deals are to be fou nd.Kelly and Waddington 1995 argue that unions should satisfy employers with a more rewarding approach although more difficult to achieve and find ways of making employers tolerate a trade union presence. The organising model adopted by the TUC are now widely adopted by many unions, including TGWU and GMB but more leading light by GMPU, ISTC, MSF, UNISON, TSSA and USDAW seeks to achieve both objectives to meet the needs of employees and command a hearing from employers so as to reduce trade union declineIn conclusion, the difficulties in which trade unions movement face in recent years are certainly considerable, but yet at the same time not insurmountable. Membership insure to decline but unions continue to attract new members and most workers, union and non-union hold positive views about trade unions (Diamond and Freeman 2001). There have been evidence that more workers would join unions if they are given the opportunity or incentive to. For more workers to have the opportunity to then the trade union will have to recruit and organise in the workplace and also for workers to want to join they must be convinced that through collective action they can change their working lives and simply change their insurance or secure discounts on a range of private benefits.More strategic union policies are designed to reverse their fortunes, most notably the emphasis on recruitment, organisation and participation are reflections of this. The development of strategic union initiatives based on the organising model are at least less dependent on the changes in the labour market and trade union legislation, however not all state policies are conducive for a revival of the labour movement, in many cases the opposite is the case. It is the general role of the state in employee relations that we now turn.