Essay example --

Oscar E. AguadoAMULAC ID 2166Western Civilization II DSProf. BaxaJuly 30, 2013capital of North Dakota Genius or luckyBismarck was one of the roughly dominant and significant statesmen of the nineteenth century. A political intellect who achieved the apparently impossible undertaking of unifying Germany without a political party to support him, despite an unsympathetic parliament and with no direct control over any army. HisBismark only arsenals were the utter force of his personality and his crafty ability to puzzle out Emperor Wilhelm I.Jonathan Steinbergs biography takes a new look at this witty, slightly hysterical despot using the diaries and letters of his friends, colleagues and enemies and he paints a personation of a man full of contradictions. He had grand political visions that were created with subtle strategies of political genius further his pettiness and vindictiveness were never far behind.Bismarck adored conflict and he had a palate for being arrive atensive. Hi s slap in the face method to political manipulation was a tactic in itself that led him more often that not to get his own way.In the modern era minds, Bismarck is clasped together with a mix of Churchill and Pinochet. He was anything but consistent though. His conception of Realpolitik meant that anything that allowed him to get his own way was acceptable whether or not that meant joining an Evangelical Christian sect as he did as a young man giving him a start in politics or cosying up to the Liberal party when it served his purpose. He tied(p) went so far as turn the Prussian political landscape upside-down by adopting full male suffrage much to the chagrin of his familiar spirit conservatives. The Austrian Foreign Minister Baron Rechberg summed up Bismarcks protean nature, when h... ...ck, through hard work and determination.He spent his life competitiveness liberalism and found natural allies in Russia and Austria, with their authoritarian and anti-democratic traditions but he was fighting a losing battle. The reactionary absolutism that he championed had had its day by the sentence he left the political stage. The great man acted as a bulwark against liberal and democratic principles while he could but when Bismarck was brushed aside, those principles flooded the political arena.So where did Bismarcks genius lie exactly? He was the father of Realpolitik which meant constantly shuffling sets of alternatives and playing off one against the other. His real genius lay in his guile, cunning and sense of political timing but above all in his willingness to take risks and be shockingly aggressive. Never has the force of personality alone achieved so much

Morocco Essay -- essays research papers

Morocco,is a country in the northerlywestern corner of Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea on the north and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. The Strait of Gibraltar, which connects the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, separates Morocco from Spain by only about 8 miles (13 kilometers). Fertile plains lie along Moroccos coasts, and forested mountains stretch crosswise the middle of the country from southwest to northeast. Beyond the mountains lies a sun-baked desert, the Sahara. capital of Morocco is Moroccos capital, and Casablanca is the largest city. Nearly all Marocs are of mixed Arab and Spanish descent. But the people make up two distinct ethnic groups--Arab and Spanish--depending mainly on whether they speak Arabic or Spanish. Almost all Moroccans are Muslims. Farming is the chief occupation, and more than half the people live in rural lands. France and Spain controlled Morocco from the early 1900s until it won independence in 1956.Morocco is a constitutional mona rchy headed by a king. Its Constitution gives the king giving powers. For example, he commands the armed forces, may issue orders that have the force of law, and controls the major government agencies. The day-to-day work of Moroccos government is carried out by a height minister and a Cabinet of other ministers, all appointed by the king. The Chamber of Representatives makes Moroccos laws. Its 306 members serve six-year terms. The people elect two-thirds of the members. The rest are chosen by representatives of local governments, professional organizations, and other groups. All citizens who are 20 years of age or older may vote.Morocco is divided into 35 provinces and 6 prefectures. Rabat makes up one prefecture, and Casablanca the other five. A governor appointed by the king heads each province and prefecture. The provinces are further divided into smaller units. The field of study government controls all local governments.Moroccos Istiqlal (Independence) Party promotes the sp read of Arab culture and reforms based on Islamic teachings. The Union Socialiste des Forces Populaires (Socialist Union of Popular Forces) backs broad collectivist reforms. The conservative Mouvement Populaire (Popular Movement) generally supports the kings policies. Other political leave-takingies in Morocco ... ...r. Mauritania also wanted parts of the area. But the Polisario Front, an organization in Spanish Sahara, demanded independence. In 1976, Spain gave up the area to Morocco and Mauritania. Morocco claimed the northern part, and Mauritania the southern. The area came to be called westbound Sahara. The Polisario Front continued to demand independence for Western Sahara. Fighting broke out between the Front and forces from Morocco and Mauritania. Algeria and Libya provided military aid to the Front. In 1979, Mauritania gave up its claim to Western Sahara. Morocco then claimed the entire area. Fighting between Morocco and the Polisario Front continued. The cost of the fi ghting in Western Sahara drained the economy of Morocco. The economy also suffered when the world market price of phosphate rock, Moroccos chief export, dropped sharply in the 1980s. A cease-fire between Moroccan forces and those of the Polisario Front was declared in September 1991. The cease-fire plan also called for a referendum (direct vote) to determine whether Western Sahara would become independent or a part of Morocco.

William Shakespeares Othello Essay -- William Shakespeare Othello Ess

William Shakespeares OthelloA significant moment in Othello demonstrates the theme of binaries questioned in many of Shakespeares works. Addressing the Duke and senators, Othello saysLet her have your voice. bear witness with me heaven, I therefore beg it nonTo please the palate of my appetite,Nor to comply with heat--the young affectsIn me defunct--and proper satisfaction,But to be free and bounteous to her forelandAnd heaven defend your good souls that you thinkI will your serious and great business scantWhen she is with me. No, when light-winged toysOf feathered Cupid seel with wanton dullnessMy risky and officed instrumentsThat my disports corrupt and taint my business,Let housewives make a frypan of my helm, And all indign and base adversititiesMake head against my estimation.This speech occurs in Othello 1.3.259-273. Desdemona has just requested to imitate her husband to Cyprus and Othello seconds her request. He swears not to be distracted from his military duties if Desde mona comes along. To convince his listeners, he claims he cannot be distracted by sex because he lacks the bank for it. As he puts it, the young affects are in me defunct (262-263). Further stressing his commitment to the military, he boldly declares that if he indeed neglects his duties for the state, let housewives make a skillet of my helm, and all indign and base adversities make head against my estimation (271-273). In other words, if his sexual pleasure (disports) gets in the way of his work (business), he does not deserve to be called a man and should be emasculated by allowing housewives to cook with his helmet. Furthermore, his enemies good reputation should be razed.Line 271 (Let house... ...od a organize as any to start.Works CitedAppetite. Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1987.Greenblatt, Stephen. Introduction. The Norton Shakespeare. bran-new York W.W. Norton & Co., 1997.Helm. Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1987.McDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakesp are. 2nd ed. New York Bedford/St. Martins, 2001.Palate. Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1987.Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Coriolanus. The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York W.W. Norton & Co., 1997. 2793-2872.---. The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice. The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York W.W. Norton & Co., 1997. 2100-2174.---. Troilus and Cressida. The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York W.W. Norton & Co., 1997. 1835-1913.Skillet. Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1987.

Standardized Tests Do Not Measure Student Achievement Essay example --

like testing has been around since the mid 1800s. Even though testing has been around for a eagle-eyed time it is still debated whether or not it should precisely score disciples. Students claim been subjected to standardized tests frequently through their years in school due to laws which have been passed by Congress. Decisions about the evaluation of schools and students are recurrently made by government authority and are often not in the best touch on of teachers, students, or their classroom environments.What do students achieve from standardized testing? Achievement means something that somebody has succeeded in doing. Achievement is more than just test scads but also includes class participation, students course-taking patterns, and teachers professional development patterns(Harris, Harris, Smith). How can a test score show someones satisfaction or what they weigh success is? The tests arent that advanced in todays technology. The tests do prepare students for m ore important tests such as the ACT, SAT, ASVAB, ectTesting patterns have also been disputed such as drawing a Christmas tree, or limit a letter choice to a certain number of blanks fill up in. This does not help the students or the educators in this essence. It does not test the students full potential to what they have learned from their educator, it just simply tests the students ability to guess readily under pressure (Walberg). These tests are usually briefly timed. Depending on how the student paces his or herself depends on how well he or she can take the test, because the student still needs to think logically. Under these circumstances students rush to finish the test forcing them to think illogically, resulting in a low score ul... ...8 Nov. 2013.Popham, W.James. Why Standardized Tests Dont billhook Educational Quality. Educational Leadership. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov 2013. www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/mar99/vol56/num06/Why-standardized-tests-dont-meas ure-educational-quality/Standardized Tests. procon.org. N.p., 01 Nov. 2013. Web. 11 Nov 2013..Standardized Testing No Child Left Behind. Lawserver. N.p.. Web. 13 Nov 2013. Walberg, Herbert J. Standardized Tests Effectively Measure Student Achievement. Standardized Testing. Ed. Dedria Bryfonski. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from Stop the War Against Standardized Tests. Defining Ideas A Hoover Institution Journal (20 May 2011). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Nov. 2013.

Alice :: essays papers

AliceDo you know Alice?The character in Go Ask Alice is a cardinal years old girl who became addicted to drugs and unfortunately dies because of it. She is from a high middle class family. Her father is college professor and her mother stays home and takes wangle of the kids. The girl thinks she is stupid and cannot measure up with her parents expectations, she is not happy with herself. The way that she looks or thinks and feels She is not confident. The girl in this book suffers from poor conceit.The girl in Go Ask Alice is very confused. In a way she knows what is right and what is wrong for her, but on the other hand, she feels that she is mixed up. When she, without her knowledge, became addicted, she was poor from low self-esteem that is why she felt so good about using drugs She became addicted when her friends gave her some LSD laced Coca Cola at a party. She describes it as beautiful. Many times she decided to give it up but unfortunately there were always something li ke friends, family and her low self-esteem that brought her back to the drugs.There are many reasons why the girl in this story takes drugs. First of all, and most important nonpareil, is her low self-esteem. She uses drugs because by using it, she forgets who she is and what weaknesses she has. Second, her parents specially her mother is nagging constantly at her. She cant accept her for who she is, and she always compares her with her siblings. The father is more caring but he is always reside and doesnt have enough time to spend with her. Her siblings arent friendly at least that is what she thinks.Another reason is that she tries to fit in, so when one of the girls, the one who she was wishing to be friends with invites her to the party, she jumps on the invitation and that is where she used drugs for the first time The friend was from a rich family, and during the school years didnt pay attention to the girl in this story, but now she wants to go to that university where the girls father works, so by inviting the girl in Go Ask Alice she tries to make connection Unfortunately, today a good deal of kids in their early age become addicted to the drugs.

Alice :: essays papers

AliceDo you know Alice?The character in Go Ask Alice is a fifteen years old girl who became addicted to drugs and unfortunately dies because of it. She is from a high middle class family. Her father is college professor and her mother stays spot and takes care of the kids. The girl thinks she is stupid and cannot measure up with her parents expectations, she is not happy with herself. The way that she looks or thinks and feels She is not confident. The girl in this check suffers from meek self-esteem.The girl in Go Ask Alice is very confused. In a way she knows what is right and what is wrong for her, but on the other hand, she feels that she is merge up. When she, without her knowledge, became addicted, she was suffering from low self-esteem that is why she felt so good about apply drugs She became addicted when her friends gave her some LSD laced Coca sess at a party. She describes it as beautiful. Many times she decided to give it up but unfortunately there were unendingly something like friends, family and her low self-esteem that brought her back to the drugs.There are many reasons why the girl in this story takes drugs. First of all, and most important whiz, is her low self-esteem. She uses drugs because by using it, she forgets who she is and what weaknesses she has. Second, her parents especially her mother is nagging constantly at her. She cant accept her for who she is, and she always compares her with her siblings. The father is more caring but he is always busy and doesnt have enough time to spend with her. Her siblings arent friendly at least that is what she thinks.Another reason is that she tries to fit in, so when one of the girls, the one who she was wishing to be friends with invites her to the party, she jumps on the invitation and that is where she used drugs for the first time The friend was from a rich family, and during the school years didnt pay circumspection to the girl in this story, but now she wants to go to that university where the girls father works, so by inviting the girl in Go Ask Alice she tries to make connection Unfortunately, at once lots of kids in their early age become addicted to the drugs.

Osmosis in Potato Tissue

Biology Aim My objective is to plan and conduct an essay from which I should be able to draw a sloshed conclusion thatwill either prove or disprove any predictions I make. This essay aims to assess and investigate the effect of various declaration stringencys on the activity of osmosis in prepare waver. Background scientific theory Plants exchange gases (CO2 and O2) in maintaining vital respiratory processes and in carrying forbidden photosynthesis they absorb certain minerals and sugars so to phthisis as a source of energy and eradicate wastes in order to maintain specific requirements for survival.Large amounts of piddle are absorbed by source hairs and are then distributed across the cubicles of plant lifes by the process of osmosis weewee macrocosm essential to life, assists cells in executing crucial chemical processes. Molecules travel by dickens means active comport or passive transport. Active transport is the movement of a substance from a low to amply concen tration against the norm concentration gradient. Hence, the process requires expenditure of energy, and the support of a carrier protein. Passive transport, however, does not require energy but occurs spontaneously instead.It is a form of transport by which molecules move along a concentration gradient, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive transport includes osmosis and facilitates diffusion. Osmosis is a special matter of diffusion it describes the passage of a solvent from a weaker solution, where at that place is higher water potential, to that of a more concent telld solution that has a lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane in order to achieve the defer of equilibrium. A partially permeable membrane acts as a barrier to some substances but allows others to penetrate through freely.Within any plant cell the cytoplasm and cell sap within the vacuoles are of a variety of substances such as salt, sugars and prote ins. In theory, water will diffuse into the cell by osmosis if the solution surrounding the cell is weaker but when enc supportd by a stronger more voiceless solution than its contents than water is drawn from it by the same process. As a result it dos flaccid the turgor press falls, the vacuole collapses and the cytoplasm shrink away from the cell wall. This may result in its wilting or death. Plant cells have a cell wall as intimately as a plasma membrane.The cell wall is a strong and rigid structure that is used by the cell to create osmotic compress within the cell. This pressure can build because of the rigidity of the cell wall. The cells within a plant that contain high water pressure act as the plant supportive structure, helping to give it its shape. When gaining, the vacuole will expand and press outwards on the cytoplasm and cell wall but since this cannot be everyplace stretched there is a resistance on the in lean of water by the un-stretchable cell wall. This re sistance results in turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole on the cell walls.When the big majority of the cells within the leaves and stem of plant are turgid, its stem will be firm and upright and the leaves straight then providing mechanical strength. Similarly a flaccid celled leaf will be limp and the stem will droop such plants are thought to be wilting. Factors that affect the rate of osmosis (potential variables) The rate of osmosis is much dependent upon a number of itemors the temperature, the nature of the solute, the difference in concentration of solute on either side of the membrane, and any external pressure employ against the direction of flow.Concentration Theconcentrationof a chemicalsolutionrefers to the amount of solutethat is dissolved in asolvent. The concentration of any solution or plan tissue is in a flash linked to its water potential the higher the concentration the lower it water potential. Water potential is a measure of the potential of water to d raw in or leave. Within a dilute solution there is a higher simile of free water molecules hence water will flow from the dilute to concentrated solution it is said to have a higher water potential.The maximum water potential is nil an example of which is within vestal water hence water molecules will flow from it to any other aqueous solution regardless of how dilute it may be. There are common chord possible concentrations of solution. The first, a hypertonic solution, has a higher solute concentration than that of the cell and as a result the water will leave the cell resulting in collapsed vacuoles in plant cells. A hypotonic solution, however, has a lower solute concentration than the solute concentration intimate the cell and hence the net movement of water inside the cell is at its maximum.Whilst an isotonic solution is when the concentration of solutes is the same inside the cell as it is outside of the cell in such as caseful the cell would not lose nor gain any water. This state is otherwise recognized as dynamic Equilibrium where the molecules are randomly distributed despite there still being a rapid net movement of water across the cell membrane in both directions water movement in opposing directions occur at the same rate and thereby cancel each other out.Larger differences between the concentrations or water potential of the solutions results in a steeper concentration gradient, meaning a faster rate of osmosis. In effect the concentration outside of any cell is proportional to osmosis rates and therefore the higher the concentration of the solution the higher the net movement of water. Concentration is the factor which is to be assessed in the following investigateation it can be modify by diluting the solution with distilled water whilst keeping the volume constant, (i. e. a 0. 8 molar sucrose solution would consist of 2cm? f distilled water with 8cm? of sucrose solution equivalent to 10cm? of a mixture. ) Temperature The rate of Os mosis is withal reliant upon the kinetic energy of the particles being diffused. Since energy is directly related to heat, temperature governs the amount of kinetic energy the particles have. The general temperature of the room in which the experiment takes place will influence measurements of mass of the potato hence it is important that we ensure that it remains ambient throughout our experiment in order to increase the reliability of our measurements.Ultimately as temperature increases or decreases, the rate of osmosis should also increase or decrease in relative, ca victimisation the potato chips to lose/gain mass at a faster/ slower rate. Temperature is therefore directly proportional to the rate of osmosis. Surface area to volume ratio- Additionally the scrape area of the plant tissue or in this case the potato will also influence osmosis the larger the surface area, the more cells are directly exposed to the liquid solution therefore more water can transfer through the memb ranes of the cells at any one time resulting in a more massive net movement of water by osmosis.Size of Potato- A large sized potato is presumable to contain moresubstances. hence it is likely to contain more water, which canaffect osmosis as there will be an increasing concentration of water,which, as the potatos size increases affecting the boilers suit movementof water depending on the concentration of solution that the potato iskept in. All potato chips shall be approximately at the same mass signly (1. 6g 0. 2g) Plant Tissue-Where the potato was sourced from will also greatly affect the osmosis rates that are observed by its change in mass also whilst some may be old others may be fresh. In theory osmosis rates will be considerably more economical in newer than older potato strips for the reason that in older ones its cells may be more damaged or be on the verge of decay. Hence the permeability of the potato can too be determined by its age its age and permeability to the larger extent are in inverse proportion therefore.Type of solution- Different solution types ( i. e. sucrose, glucose, potassium chloride and sodium chloride) will differ from one another in that the size of the molecules of the solute may be larger in one that the other. this will affect osmosis rates within the plant tissue in that smaller molecules will be able to penetrate through the partially permeable membrane with far more ease than larger ones hence the smaller the molecules of the solute the faster the rate of osmosis. Time The time given in which the plant tissue was immersed within the solution would also affect the experiment, as we would expect that with a longer duration, there would be more time for osmosis to occur. Pressure The pressure on one side of the membrane can increase or decrease the rate of osmosis by pushing the solution against the membrane. Selecting a factor An single-handed variable is that which is presumed to affect or determine a dependent vari able1. It can be changed as required, and its values do not represent a puzzle requiring explanation in an analysis, but are taken simply as given.More generally, the independent variable is what someone actively changes while the dependent variable is what changes as a result. The constant variable or otherwise known as controlled variable, however, is never changed during an experiment as it remains constant. During my experiment I shall be metre the change in mass of the potato chips as the dependant variable in order to investigate the effect of different concentration of sucrose solution (independent variable) on osmosis.Other factors such as the room temperature, type and volume of solution, form and size of plant tissue shall remain ambient through out my investigation as controlled variables or otherwise constants. Qualitative, Quantitative and Testable Hypothesis Osmosis is defined as being the net movement of water from a region of high concentration to that of a low con centration. Thismovement must take place across a partially permeable membrane such asa cell wall, which allows only explicit molecules to penetrate through but obstructs the pathway of others.Diffusion will continue until the area in which the molecules are foundreaches a state of equilibrium where molecules arerandomly distributed throughout solution. By my scientific background knowledge I can make a number of predications I guess that the rate of osmosis will differ in all test tubes depending on the concentration of solution, resulting in some either gaining mass in comme il faut turgid, others be the same whilst the rest lose mass and being flaccid after being immersed in solution subsequent to a fixed period of time.I think over that plant tissue immersed in solution of higher concentration than that within the cell itself (hypertonic solution) will loose mass because there will be a net movement of water through the partially permeable membrane outside the cell where ther e is a considerably lower water potential. The plant cell becomes flaccid and as a result of the ell membrane shrinking and pulling away from its cells walls, it said to have been plasmolysed. Likewise, I predict that if the plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution where the concentration of solution is lower than that of the cell than water is absorbed by osmosis.The plant cell swells and shall become turgid to the extent that the pressure within the cell matches the internal or turgor pressure. The turgor pressure shall prevent further uptake of Water preventing it from rupturing. More generally the concentration of the sucrose solution in the flasks is inversely proportional with the plant tissues change in mass as you increase the concentration of the solution, both the mass and the duration of the potato chip will decrease.This I shall prove by measuring the mass of the plant tissue before it being and subsequent to being submersed in solution. Data peaceful shall be hand led and substituted into the following equation . . . . Final mass (g) initial mass (g) X 100 = Percentage Change sign mass (g) A negative percentage change will signify that water has been lost by its net movement through the partially permeable membrane whilst a positive one will suggest that there has been a gain. I predict that my findings when transferred onto a graph will have a similar trend as in the one shown below.Preliminary The main objective of carrying out four preceding experiments was to inform me as to which instruments would be most efficient in its use, gain first hand practice and recognize suitable methods in order to conclude specified measures which I will be using in ensuring that my final investigation is of highest standards in its reliability. Concentration (Mole)Mass(g) Percentage change of mass (% to 1 d. ) Before After Change 1. 000 2. 32 1. 97 0. 35 15. 0 0. 500 2. 30 2. 24 0. 06 2. 60 0. 250 2. 28 2. 23 0. 05 2. 20 0. 125 2. 32 2. 59 -0. 27 -11. 60 Preliminary experiment 1 Equipment ? cork bores (5mm) potato ? glucose solution ? ruler ? tissue ? distilled water ? scalpel ? pipette ? test tubes x4 ? measuring cylinder ? scales Key outlier Experiment 1 wide-ranging the concentration of the glucose solution from the readings observed a clear coefficient of correlation can be determine as a result of measurements being wide ranging- as the concentration of the glucose solution reduced by half each time the mass of the potatoes reduced too and hence there is a proportional correlation between the independent and dependant variable.Such readings are scientifically explanatory and correspond with my initial prediction produced in the previously discussed section of the hypothesis. One major gust of this investigation was that I used too few solutions with varying concentrations and hence the readings functional in giving evidence of any judgments on my findings or when proving/disproving my initial predictions are li mited.Hence, if I were to further develop this investigation as my final one I intend on using 5 different concentrated solutions that range from 0. 2 to 1 molar with increments of 0. 2moles. In this investigation we failed to use distilled water but instead opted for tap water because we had forgotten this is much likely to have reduced the reliability of my results because any dissolved substances within the water will have affected the rate of osmosis by changing the solutions proposed concentration.In the final experiment we shall therefore use distilled water. However, I believe that my readings from the first preliminary experiment are reasonably fair and reliable because no outliers which contradict the key identified trend can be found and the mass of the potatoes previous to and subsequent to the experiment was accurate to 0. 01 of a decimal place. The potato with which we worked with was . . . . . . Preliminary Experiment 2 Equipment cork bores (5mm) ? Swede ? sucrose solu tion ? ruler Temperature (C) Length (mm) Percentage change in length (% to 1d. p ) Before After change 45 3. 5 3. 3 0. 2 5. 7 0 3. 5 3. -0. 2 -5. 7 25 3. 5 3. 5 0. 0 0. 0 ? tissue ? distilled water ? scalpel ? pipette ? test tubes x3 ? measuring cylinder Key outlier The second of my preliminary experiments was to see the effect of change in temperature on the rate of osmosis the cell membrane remained at constant as Swede which was immersed in a 10ml sucrose solution at 1 mole.It is different from other preliminary experiments by the fact the Swede cylinders were 40 mm in length however as suggested by the entropy there is no significant change in my measurements. The measurements that were collected were few by 45, 0 and 25 degrees acting thereby as a disadvantage because we are restricted in the amount of data available in proving the trend. It is suggested that the higher the temperature the higher the osmosis rates our observations are fully explainable, expected and scientifically conventional.It is known that temperature has a direct relationship to the movement of particles across a membrane therefore as temperature increases, the rate at which particles move across the membrane should increase too as its molecules will be more activated in having more kinetic energy. Nonetheless if the temperature were to rise too high the selective permeability of the membrane can be damaged due to becoming denatured hence permanently collapsing the process of osmosis this could be investigated by experimenting with temperature at or over 60 degrees.If I were to further develop this investigation with temperature being the independent variable I would take 4 measurements with increments of 20 degrees with minimum values of -20 to 60 degrees. My results here are less accurate by my use of only an average thermometer as it is corrected to the nearest centigrade measured consequently if I were to develop this experiment I would prefer to use a data logger whi ch will give me values that have been rounded to the nearest decimal place with a considerably smaller error tolerance.In all of our preliminary investigation there was a reaction time of 30 minutes given this however in my opinion is unreasonably low because the process of osmosis may have not yet reached its maximum capacity or equilibrium hence in the final experiment there will be 45 minutes given for each set of vegetable cylinders. We did not use a stop hear or any other means of measuring and setting the reaction time other than the classroom clock and our best estimates this may have hindered the reliability of our measurements so I shall use an stop watch in the final experiment which is accurate to

My Interpretation of the Chrysanthemums

My Interpretation of The Chrysanthemums The Chrysanthemums is one of John Steinbecks popular short stories. The Chrysanthemums represents inequality of gender, limitations, and feminism. The invoice is close a married woman living in the early 1900s who longs for a more exciting, meaningful existence. enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay Allen is intelligent, accomplished, attractive, and ambitious. Yet she feels confined in her life and marriage. Steinbeck uses the serviceman around Elisa to give the reader a comparison to her life. The novel takes place in the Salinas V exclusivelyey at her married man, heat content Allens, ranch in the foot-hills.Steinbeck opens the story up by describing to us how the overcloud closes off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from the rest of the world. The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed of the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world (438). This comparison shows how Elisa feels inside. Even her house comp ares to a prison. Behind her stood the neat white farmhouse with red geraniums close-banked around it as high as the windows (439). Elisa spends most of her days alone, behind her wire fence. She feels cut off from society.Elisas husband works as a successful rancher just doesnt involve the smart and interested Elisa with the business of the ranch. In his eyes she belongs in the house or the garden. They dont film an intimate race and it lacks any kind of romance. In the beginning of the story, she watches from a distance behind the wire fence as her husband talks with the custody in suits but Henry does not invite her over. Elisa wants to travel and be free to do as she pleases but is suppressed by society because of her gender. She becomes intrigued when she meets a change of location repairman by his focussing of life.When Elisa expresses interest to him ab let on his life, It must be very nice. I wish women could do such things. The wanderer tells her, It aint the right kind of life for a woman (445). Elisa feels a little off-put by his response and tries to argue with him. Elisa asks How do you sock? How can you tell? He protests I dont know maam, of course I dont know (445). We are prone the impression of strength and capability in Elisa. We can tell Elisas a good nurturer because of the way she tends her garden and keeps a clean unionized home.Her chrysanthemums are the turgidgest healthiest chrysanthemums around. Despite all that she has no children. Elisa puts all of her motherly energy into her flowers to fill the void of childlessness. Henry makes the statement to Elisa how she could make anything grow. Youve got a gift with things, some of those yellow chrysanthemums you had this year were ten inches across. I wish youd work out in the orchard and raise some apples that big (439). I believe this represents Elisas fertility and Henrys lack thereof. Steinbeck describes Elisas clothing in the beginning of the story as masculine. A mans ink iness hat pulled low down over her eyes, clod-hopper shoes, a figured print dress almost completely cover by a big corduroy apron with four big pockets to hold the snips, the trowel and scratcher, the seeds and the knife she worked with. She wore heavy leather gloves to protect her hands mend she worked (438-439). This description reflects her lack of sexuality. Shortly after she meets the traveler she begins to shed some of these items, like the gloves and hat. At first she feels irritated by the insistency of the man because she had no need for someone to repair her pots or sharpen her scissors.Her attitude changes toward him when he expresses interest in her flowers. The thought of her chrysanthemums shared with another part of the world makes Elisa feel like a little part of her might escape. Her demeanor suddenly changes. He makes her feel intellectually and physically stimulated. Her feminine sexuality awakens. She turns the discourse of the chrysanthemums into something sex ual. When the night is dark-why, the stars are sharp-pointed, and theres quiet. Why, you rise up and up Every pointed star gets driven into your body.Its like that. Hot and sharp and agreeable (444). She completely surrenders herself to him as manifested by her kneeling before him like a fawning dog as she hands him the chrysanthemum shoots. But despite all that, the traveler holds no interest in her or her flowers. This symbolizes societys rejection of women in the workforce no matter their talents. Elisa has hope of a more evoke life. She takes special care in dressing for dinner. She stares at herself naked in the mirror. She pokes her chest out and tightens her stomach.She puts on sexy lingerie and a dress that brings out her beauty. She puts make-up on. By Elisa looking more like a beautiful sexy woman, she is stepping into her femininity. When Henry gets home and starts dressing for dinner Elisa nervously waits on the porch for a reaction on her appearance from her passionle ss husband. She looked toward the river road where the willow-line was still yellow with frosted leaves so that under the high grey fog they seemed a thin band of sunshine (447). Sunshine symbolizes happiness, shes slightly hopeful for some happiness in her life.When Henry walks out onto the porch he feels off-put by her appearance. She fishes for a complement. Henry tells her she looks strong and she comments back to him I am strong. I never knew before how strong (447). Before they leave Elisa goes into the house and takes tautologic care in putting on her hat and her coat, which I think is interesting because she doesnt put on gloves so there is still a tone of feminine sexuality there. She isnt hiding herself like in the beginning of the story. As Elisa and Henry drive to town she sees a black speck in the road.She immediately knows what it is, her chrysanthemum shoots she had given the traveler. He tossed them out on the road. She feels betrayed by this man. He didnt care abo ut her flowers, he only wanted her money. Her hope dwindles. Elisa starts to step back into herself. This act symbolizes how society deems woman as unimportant just as how the traveler sees her flowers as unimportant. She then asks her husband if they could have wine with their dinner. She tries to satisfy some of her needs through this small act of abnormality. She then asks her husband about going to watch the men fight.Henry says he will take her but doesnt think that she will like it and was unaware that she was interested in such things. Elisa asks if any women go to the fights, Henry tells her there are some that go. Elisa changes her mind because she understands that it is not acceptable for a lady in those times to watch such things. Now she could have gone to the fights, of course, but fear holds her back. I believe in that moment she loses hope for a brighter, more exciting existence. She turned up her coat garrotter so he could not see that she was cryingweakly like and old woman (448).Notice how she covers her body again. I think the assumption can be made by the last sentence in the story that Elisas life doesnt become what she subconsciously hoped. She realizes her closed off, uneventful, lonesome way of living will continue. She grows old with this same unsatisfactory life, no children, passion, or exploration. The Chrysanthemums is an interesting story because it was published in 1937 when a married womans only place in society was at home, yet it is unashamedly written in the point of view of the woman.This story was carefully written by Steinbeck so we as readers dont condemn her for her actions. We could have felt that she was betraying her husband in a way by flirting with the wanderer. Instead we empathize with her and understand her feelings, and why she does the things she does and feels the way she feels. It is almost like John Steinbeck could see into the future and what was to come. Did he see societys unequal treatment of women an d men? Did he feel that it was wrong to treat women as if they had no other use in society?I believe he did. He uses this story to show the society of that time the inequality of men and women, and the way it makes a woman feel. The reader reads this story and doesnt even realize that what they are feeling is compassion for Elisa Allen because of limitations that are set on her and every other woman at that time. This story could have been a very strong semipolitical tool in its time for feminism. Bibliography Steinbeck, John The Chrysanthemums The Seagull Reader Stories. Ed. Joseph Kelly. 2nd ed. New York W. W. Norton, 2008. 437-448. Print

Christian Philosophy Reflection Essay

Life is like a blackboard. Its empty in the first place, so we need to fill it whatever we privation but with a virtue. We are not born a purpose, we live for a purpose. So go ahead and write almostthing on your blackboard. serviceman is like a crown? Why? Same as a crown, human also have gems that representing, reflecting, radiating him with many splendored aspects and facets of being human the physical, intellectual, moral, religious, social, political, economic, emotional, sentient, esthetic, coarse and sexual. Those splendored personalities are gifts given by our creator that we should to cherish and nurture. At the same time, those aspects were bestowed on man for the purpose to serve for the betterment and perfection not alone for an individual man but for all humanity. For on the day of final reckoning, God will judge man not consort to his gifts, possessions, positions but according to his works. As we strive for our origination and destiny which is HAPPINESS, we are a lso striving for our dignity to be dignified to make it worthy, because dignification without dignity is baseless. These existence of ours acquiring intimacy in the first place is called Essentialism that we could used to act and to develop His gifts for the betterment or add anything to it.This chapter really taught me Why we are here? What is the purpose of our existence? That gives a clear view and a guide in what to do in my daily lives. I could move with a greater focus and lucidity everyday of my life. My objectives, plans, and goals will be easy for me now to accomplish through applying this purpose to one of us. While striving for it, well just need to ask some guidance and help from Him that He will always there in our daily struggling. In addition, we need also to act upon His accordance, doing good deeds and set actions with a virtue. We need to love His other creation same to how we love ourselves such as plants, animals and our mother Earth.Well just need to show car e and benignancy such as not throwing trash anywhere, by planting trees and by prohibiting people to strictly avoid hunting any kinds of animals. It helps me also to be much faithful toGod, to be thankful to Him that He gives us a very beautiful life and splendored body. To give Him thanks, I just need to nurture and develops His gifts to us by helping other creation of God and not to abuse it. These topics really reflect to me that should also read by all students to enlighten them and whitethorn use this as their guidance in life. We just keep on love, trust and faithful to HIM- our creator, GOD.

Achieving Universal Primary Education As A Goal Education Essay

In 1998, the so regime of Pakistan, accorded across-the-board acknowledgment to the cardinal duty of restructuring of guidance system of Pakistan, by denoting the National information policy on 27th March 1998. The National Education Policy 1998 was devised with a sight to transform the Pakistani state into an integ regularised, cohesive entity that dirty dog stand up and vie against future challenges by puting one of the chief aims of achieveing cosmopolitan direct education by preparation the maximal chances for free entree to every kid. In 2000, universe leaders from 189 states voted to implement the MDGs.Pakistan was in any case one of them. This declaration set eight ends to accomplish the accordant ballot to transfuse the Millennium Declaration may propose that the political ordain to carry through these marks is assuring. The accomplishment of cosmopolitan primary breeding was 2nd end set after eliminating poverty.The mark set under this end was that by 2015 unive rsally kids will be able to fetch up full class of primary schooling.The indexs to accomplish this mark were finish/ pick rate, net adaption ratio and literacy rate of 15-24 previous(a) ages old work forces and adult females. However, critics of the MDGs ar non certain about the like marchesss of every state achieving cosmopolitan instruction by 2015. The critics of the MDGs suggest that greater focal point should be placed on the overall betterment instead than the think result as the drive implies that the educational MDGs ar non promising to be achieved in most states.By conpennyrating in general on the range of advancement over clip, ( Sahn, 2003 ) claim the ends will be much good in supplying encouragement to states, as failure to accomplish the ends is non synonymous with failure to accomplish societal advancement . So, greater attending should be placed on rates of advancement towards finishing these ends instead than the concluding result. As neglecting to a ccomplish these ends by 2015 does non bespeak a deficiency of betterment in Pakistan, it is more appropriate for policy analysts to con centrate on rates of advancement. Since Pakistan has gestural Millennium increment declaration, it is confronting major jobs like war on panic, political instability, and temblors 2004 and inundations 2009-10 which hindered its advancement towards these ends. There are so many other factors that are obstruct Pakistan in accomplishing its millenary development educational ends.2.2 Factors that affect the accomplishment of millenary development ends of primary instruction in Pakistan in visible radiation of old research workers and critics.As this paper intends to supply the grounds for critical slow start and spread in accomplishing primary educational millenary developments ends in Pakistan and how these ends may be achieved, I chose to concentrate on factors which are common and subscribe to greater influence on educational advancement and facets that authorities and other educational governments in Pakistan posterior hold a direct influence over through policy alteration. For the intents of this research, the theoretical account that signifies the determiners of educational advancement are terminus resolution rate, female instructors as per centum of entire primary instructors, community aged between 0-14 as per centum of entire population, poorness rate and literacy rate gap.But other unsettleds that are considered and have an furbish up are net registration ratio, sylvan population, pupil-teacher ratio, public outlay, gender para index, and non-formal instruction ( deeni madrassas ) , low birth weight babes.The argument that whether educational advancement is more affected by personal back land of pupils ( that includes rural population, poorness rate, public outgo, gender para index ) or school pure tone factors ( that are pupil teacher ratio, accomplished instructors, female instructors and non formal instru ction ) has been ongoing since the Coleman makeup ( Coleman et al. 1966 ) . Coleman et Al. ( 1966 ) found that household background of pupils, that is their parent s socioeconomic position, parent s instruction and businesss are more declarative of pupil s educational advancement than school-level factors. Since the publication of the Coleman Report, research workers have continued to dismember and debate whether fibre of instruction or place environment determines pupil s academic accomplishments. Particularly in respect to how national economic development affects which factors are more of import on a planetary graduated table, policy shapers continue to look for which factors may outdo explain educational advancement. In this research, I intend to detect whether economic or educational investing factors best explain advancement towards the educational MDGs in Pakistan. In order to influence how Pakistan can utilize its resources most expeditiously, I have used statistical inf ormations for different variables covered under socio economic position of pupils and educational tone and their consequence to cut down literacy spread.Though 70 % of population in Pakistan is still populating in rural countries. But growing in rural countries is traveling towards down and literacy rate is bettering so we can see that societal background of people has amply impact on educational advancement. ( DR.P.A.Shami, 2005 ) in their survey on raw material instruction in Pakistan raised issues like deficiency of entree to quality instruction in rural countries and unequal distribution of educational resources in rural and urban countries. These issues still prevail in society as a hinderance to accomplishment of MDGs for instruction. The Pakistan has The mean literacy rate of Pakistan is 57 per cent with combination of 69 per cent for males and 45 per cent for females.The literacy rate in urban countries remains much high than in rural parts of the state, 74 per cent and 48 per cent severally The mean provinicial literacy rate follows as Punjab and Sindh 59 per cent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( 50 per cent ) and Balochistan ( 45 per cent ) ( Pakistan Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) .As I have publicationn population aged between ( 0-14 ) as per centum of entire population as one of my variables and more than half of population in Pakistan lives in rural countries so it at long expiry effects my determiner.As past research indicates that the effects of educational investing factors or school quality factors which include entire educational outgos and figure of trained instructors for the cosmopolitan registration MDG, pupil-teacher ratio and repeat rate for the cosmopolitan completion MDG, and pupil-teacher ratios and figure of female teachers for the gender para end may change depending on the economic position of a state ( Heyneman & A Loxley, 1983 ) . The educational investing factors are most declarative of educational advancement in the universe s in adequate states, where as economic growing features will outdo explicate the advancement of lower-middle income states towards the educational MDGs. Economic growing may be viewed as more important at the national head in lower-middle income states because these states are nearer to being seen as legitimate economic spouses by industrialised states than low income states. Alternatively, educational investing factors will probably be more important in low income states because betterments in these in these states are more instantly perceived at the single degree than alterations in national economic growing.( Gupta et al, 2002 ) found in his research that economic growing has been major determiner of educational advancement. This is in line with my determiner of poorness rate. As economic growing of state on-key links to the public assistance of its citizens. The growing in economic system can take to educational growing if net registration rates do non lift at much faster rates th an GNP per capita is recognized by Colclough & A Al-Samarrai ( 2000 ) in his research. This finding suggests as more kids reach the school traveling age, fewer public resources will be forthcoming to apportion to a state s educational system. Therefore economic growing is linked to greater funding on instruction as more resources are gettable to pass on instruction. This tendency may happen for several grounds. First, as the economic system of state develops more disbursement is done on instruction, even though the entire proportion of the GNP spent on instruction less(prenominal)enings ( Coclough & A Al-Samarrai, 2000 ) and secondly, increasing rates of economic growing mean a high quality of living for a state s citizens. As fiscal resources go more readily available at the single degree, the sensed be of instruction may non be as great. Increasing employment rates may heighten citizens sentiments towards instruction because drawn-out unemployment can take to disinterest in puting in farther schooling ( World Bank 2010 ) . However ( Mellinium developemnt ends, 2010 ) shows budgetary allotments are non sufficient plenty to implement the coveted undertakings to accomplish cosmopolitan primary instruction by 2015. Budget for instruction still remains at approximately 2 % of GDP, out of which major internality is spent on administrative issues like wages, go forthing really minimum sum to pass on new enterprises. ( Pakistan Economic Survey, 2009-2010 )In South Asia, Pakistan falls in one of those states who conduct lowest public outgo on instruction, as a proportion of their GDP. Harmonizing to figures, Pakistan allocated to the instruction sector 2.5 % of the GDP in 2006-07, 2.47 % in 2007-08, 2.1 % in 2008-09 and 2 % in 2009-10. This factor overly straight affect the poorness rate.As if public outgo is annexd, there will be more inexpensive instruction installations therefore doing hapless people accessible to elementary instruction.A survey by Qureshi and Arif ( 2001 ) conducted on the Profile of Poverty in Pakistan demonstrates that poorness has been increasing drastically throughout the decade get downing 1990s. More rural family were dragged to poverty and about a one-fourth of the urban families were besides populating below the poorness line by the magnetic pole of 1998-99. They conclude by casting visible radiation on the fact that acquisition of instruction is one of the most important determiners of the incidence of poorness. It is imperative that instruction should be taken into history during policy preparation and execution. A really of import thought has been put frontward in the article which states that instruction can hold a positive impact of poorness relief schemes. The acquisition of an person will hold a positive consequence on his or her net incomes and productiveness and furthermore besides impact any single that interacts with the educated. ( Qureshi and Arif, 2001 ) .I have taken the literacy rat e spread ( target-actual ) as my dependent variable for this survey as it is inversly relative to maximal accomplishment of primary instruction and studied the consequence of other independent variables on instruction. Despite the general predate that more support in instruction leads to accomplish higher grade of educational attainment and registration, old researches on the impact of public disbursement on instruction for bettering educational advancement is same. Gallagher ( 1993 ) claims in his work that while educational outgos positively affect registration rates, farther attending is needed to measure the quality of how public outgos are spent in instruction. The entire public instruction outgos may non be the most accurate determiner of detecting how a authorities is financially back uping its educational system, but other research indicates that educational support at the national degree can change significantly. Colclough & A Al-Samarrai ( 2000 ) mentioned in his researc h that South Asiatic states spend a higher proportion of their entire GNP on instruction and later have higher registration rates. As entire educational outgos vary significantly based on certain national features, more research is needed to find how influential a state s entire fiscal support for instruction is on enrolment rates. For case, the school-aged population in Sub-Saharan Africa is proportionally larger than the school-aged population in South Asia ( Colclough & A Al-Samarrai, 2000 ) bespeaking that entire instruction outgos would necessitate to be greater in these states to let for support to be likewise allocated. Additionally, in footings of educational support, the spate of fundss are spent on instructor wages and other administrative plants ( MDG Report, 2004 & A MDG, Report 2010 ) , Dr PA Shami Development of instruction in Pakistan ( 2005 ) .Though public outgo on instruction is taken as variable in my arrested development theoretical account but it finally effe cts two of my variables completion rate and female teachers.As if there will more public outgos on instruction it will supply more resources and installations to education sectors therefore doing instruction more piano accomplishable stoping up in pupils successfully finishing their primary education.Similarly it can increase figure of female instructors in instruction sector by giving them good wage inducements.A state with a higher school-aged population will probably hold greater pupil-teacher ratios which in bend may take to a lower quality instruction. Pupil-teacher ratio is a important determiner for its possible effects on educational advancement, specifically in footings of school completion rates, though research workers are in understanding about its significance. Dr PA Shami in his paper entrance and Equity in Basic instruction besides raised this issue that in Pakistan the really high student instructor ratio in most of schools particularly rural countries has worse e ffects on its educational advancement. As instructors can non suit to give attending to a category of 40 to 50 pupils so it aversely affects the advancement.The sum of clip a instructor can perpetrate to each pupil is reduced by big category sizes, but the gender of the instructor may besides impact how likely misss are to obtain an instruction. In many topographic points like Baluchistan, Sindh and Pakhtunistan parental attitude towards miss s instruction is really conservative. This state of affairs is more intense in rural countries which cover more than 70-80 % of entire population in Pakistan. In rural countries due to hapless quality of life and less exposure and thought and nonreader parents both socially and academically, long distant schools and deficiency of female instructors, kids are non sent to schools and particularly misss. ( Dr P A Shami Access and equity in basic instruction 2005 ) & A MDG Report 2010.Consequently, misss may necessitate for female instructors to be present in order to make up ones mind that obtaining an instruction is worthwhile. Additionally, as misss tend to have less attending from teachers than male childs, a deficiency of female teachers can cut down the sum of learning clip for misss ( Benavot & A Gad, 2004 ) , therefore cut downing the likeliness of misss achieving an instruction. In add-on to impacting the gender para ratio, the presence of adult females in the educational system may act upon registration and completion rates. The higher engagement of adult females in the work force is frequently viewed as declarative style of a state going modern more adult females in the educational system may take to higher registration and completion rates. distaff instructors in schools tend to hold higher degrees of enfranchisement than their male opposite numbers. Consequently, literacy rate spread will be lower in countries with a higher per centum of female instructors because the female instructors are more qualified, easy traveling and trusty to learn.( DR.P.A.Shami, 2005 ) in their survey point out insufficient and unbalanced educational substructure, high poorness rate, incompetent, untrained and non handiness of instructors, illiteracy of parents and economically weak households give rise to low completion/survival rate of primary instruction, which finally negatively consequence literacy rate spread. These factors are besides seen in ( Mellinium developemnt ends, 2010 ) . Completion survival rate is taken in my research as independent variables to measure its impact on literacy rate spread which finally targets accomplishment of Millennium-Development-Goals for primary instruction in Pakistan. ( Mellinium development ends, 2010 ) raised issue of net registration ratio and completion/ endurance rate that has besides mentioned by ( DR.P.A.Shami, 2005 ) .Though net registration ratio has increased in primary instruction to 57 % in 2009 from 42 % in 2002 but we are still dawdling behind a batch to catch 100 % by 2015. And the kids who manage to finish their primary school that is to finish surveies from class 1 to rate 5 is merely 54.6 % in 2009 which has been decreased from 57.3 % in 2002.2.3 Discussion of assorted undertakings and programmes running in Pakistan to accomplish MDGs for primary instructionHarmonizing to Pakistan Millennium-Development-Goals Report ( Mellinium development ends, 2004 ) by the GoP ( Government of Pakistan ) , a just appraisal of the position and tendencies associating to Goal 2 is hard owing to a figure of reasons.MDG Report 2005 highlighted that major disagreements arise due to informations aggregation by different methods, the usage of different definitions of variables, and the clip slowdown between informations aggregation and publication. MDG Report 2004 states that disagreements are sometimes important, for illustration, between the National Education Management Information System ( NEMIS ) and the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey ( PIHS ) . There is greater consistence, nevertheless, in the rates of alteration implied by these beginnings every figure indicated in ( MDG Report 2005 & A pakistan universe tantrum for kids study, 1989 ) .The plans and undertakings introduced to accomplish the MDGs are run by different organisations and NGOs. The plans and undertakings running at eclogue degree are independent and have no intervention from federal authorities. Therefore monitoring and rating of these plans is hard at federal degree doing the summary of such intercessions are more complicated for research workers and policy shapers.An instruction sector reforms ( ESR ) specific programme was provided Rs732 million which was spent on the provision of losing installations in primary and in-between schools, reconstructing and reestablisihing of scientific discipline instruction at secondary degree and constitution of polytechnic institute at territory degree ( Balochistan, Khanozi, Turbat & A Gilgit ) .The nation al instruction foundation intends to set up community schools in the state at the topographic points where primary school are non available within a approachable distance and accomplishment based literacy centres. Rs 1 billion were expanded under Canadian Debt Swap Project for capacity building of instructors developing establishment and preparation of instructors. Child Friendly School theoretical account ( CFS ) , which is a model for all kids to inscribe in schools and larn in effect has been expanded in the state to over 2700 schools. ( Pakistan Millenim development ends study, 2010 ) .In clip of natural catastrophes like temblors and inundations UNICEF provides aid to form mass back-to-school run, being to restart choice instruction activities, encouraged to reconstruct schools and substructure, aided to better, acceleration and adapt acquisition schemes for kids who have missed schooling, female instruction and bring forthing public support to raise consciousness about import ance of instruction. Further it provides aid to schools, supplying with safe H2O and sanitation. ( Goal Achieve cosmopolitan Primary eduction ) .Schools are besides seeking to strike the dropout rate of pupils which is about 50 % at the minute by prosecuting kids in co-curriculum activities, such as athleticss and other drama activities to develop their involvement in schools and increase the keeping rate at school.2.4 Analysis of spreads and slowdownsThe accomplishment of MDGs so far is non singular and the grounds other than one described above are besides temblors in 2004, war on panic and recent monolithic devastation in inundations 2010. Pakistan has presently net registration ratio less than 80 % , which is unlikely to make 95 % by 2015.Net primary registration ratio was 52 % in 2004-5 rose to 56 % in 2006-7 and so 57 % in 2008-9.There are important fluctuations in NER among the four states.The NER is highest in Punjab with a little betterment in other states by 1 % .Gender disparity in NER is reduced. Particularly in Pakhtunkhwa it has improved by 4 % in last few old ages. Swerve towards private schooling is increasing in urban every bit good as rural countries, with primary registration increased from 18 % to 20 % in the later. There has been important diminution in completion/survival rate to rate during the last five old ages. The rate decreased from72.1 to 54.7 to 52.3 to 54.6 in 2005-6 to 2006-7 to 2007-8 to 2008-9 respectively.But it has been improved drastically in 2010 making to 69.9 % . One of the chief grounds of intensifying this rate may be shift in the figure of pupils from public to private schools due to inaccessibility of instructors, better substructure and standard quality of tuition in public schools. Data of the public school does non demo whether pupils have left school or gone to private schools. In the last 10 old ages there is overall betterment in literacy rate with regard to single sectors of male, female, urban and rural cou ntries. Though there is addition of 3 % points in urban countries and 1 % point in rural countries. Literacy rate is higher in urban countries 74 % compared to 48 % in rural countries in 2008-9.The single provincial literacy rates are as follows Punjab & A Sindh 59 % , Khyber- 50 % , Baluchistan 45 % .The literacy rate 2008-9 is higher among work forces 69 % compared to adult females 45 % which is increased from 66 % and 43 % in 2006-7 severally. ( Mellinium developemnt ends, 2010 ( Australian Aid Programme to Pakistan, 2010 ) .Social position between work forces and adult females, prophylactic usage, birthrate rates decline, the relationship between kid and maternal mortality is a good established. The most powerful givers decrease of kid mortality is the female parent of a literacy, which in itself is an instruction system to guarantee that his open uping development of the book as a free cosmopolitan entree to instruction for the hapless, including misss and boys.There should be idiomatic expression on instruction among these adult females, societal position and overall wellness of kids and pregnant adult females, he made two basic characteristics that make life meaningful and free possible.The societal position of adult females through instruction, enjoyment and economic relationship between instruction and wellness chances is, hence, is to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals and to guarantee that the basic premiss of sustainable development. It is obvious that Pakistan lagged behind in this regard the hurting behind.In general, Pakistan faces multiple and interconnected jobs, with a position to accomplishing the Millennium-Development-Goals call. Some of these issues relate straight to wellness attention, while others refer to economic, societal and cultural. However, macro-political environment is besides a beginning of jobs. Pakistan history suspicious of democracy. The state was under an existent or de facto military government, history an d deprived the bulk of people the cardinal freedoms. There is no sense of democracy, publicity of civic consciousness, a strong sense of human rights and freedoms will be hard if non impossible, to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals in Pakistan.

Compromise and Concession

Compromise and Concession In close to immigrant families, making to a greater extent m whizy, living better and raising kids as Ameri earth-closets argon their goals. P atomic number 18nts know the importance of assimilation, but whitethorn non know the paradoxical predicaments their children may face. On one hand, parents expect children to become fully American on the other hand, they desire children to inherit their ethnic refining as well. Concession and compromise are essential in many occasions and this is much obvious in immigrant families.Concession or compromise means to give up something, especi anyy in enjoin to send away an argument or conflict. In the essay, The Good Daughter, Caro bill Hwang describes her as a second-generation immigrant her life is paradoxical with compromises and concessions. Hwang becomes fully assimilated in America, but her American culture conflicts with her parents Korean expectation. As an immigrant, I fully understand Hwangs plight becau se it reflects me well being myself or obey parents. I am a second-generation immigrant from China.Before I moved to US with my mother at the age of 15, my father had already worked in a Chinese takeout restaurant in computed axial tomography for more than than 10 years. He worked 6 days a week and more than 12 hours a day, but without good pay. Lacking skills in slope not only shrank his career choices but too excluded him to study the American culture. Therefore, he expected me study English hard and engage in shallow. However, he also wanted me to help at the restaurant at the same time because of my familys financial situation.So my high school life was the like a line between the school and restaurant. I learned English hard in school, but I had to speak in Chinese afterward school when a group of Chinese staff in the restaurant surrounded me. I engaged in school and enrolled in clubs as much as I could, but I had to stay in the restaurant after school nearly of the tim e. I felt that I was distant from classmates and American society. My practice and indite skills improved gradually, but my speaking remained almost the same. I noticed this after a while but I chose to confess and remained silent.Then, this job emerged unsurprisingly after I attended college my social inability hurt me badly. I ate in the cafeteria alone I studied without companions I wandered in school aimlessly with no friends. I dropped out of college after one year because I was not able to fit into the community and got lost between two cultures. poring over tender culture and engaging in community is essential and important. However, after we absorbed new culture, our own one entrust remain less and the unlikeness lead become greater.Therefore the differences in viewpoint among cultures will become greater. Immigrant parents like to think or do the way they are familiar. The ingrained conventions or habits will entrance their judgments and determinations. As Hwang w rites, Though they raised me as an American, my parents expect me to marry someone Korean and give them grandchildren who look like them ( Para. 17). In my culture or community, most of the parents expect children to have hunchrs from China, and some parents even expect lovers from the same home city.Allowance and acceptance from parents before marriage are critical because of filial duty. Lovers are not allowed to decide by themselves unless they wish to separate from the family. That is why many fully assimilated Chinese find it is difficult to find matches unless they are willing to concede or compromise. Different cultures can lead to paradoxical predicaments and bring problems back to family. Concession or compromise is often unavoidable when deciding. Because of vast of opportunities in America, most of the hatful can pick a career they like based on self-interests.Nonetheless, some people are not able to decide for themselves, and this problem is more obviously in immigran t families. As Hwang writes, A writing career is riskier than law ( Para. 14). Surely, a lawyer is a better career than writer, and it has a big fall out to be successful. For Hwangs parents, career is not for self-interest but living better despite her interest, Hwang concedes to her parents because of her cultural habits. After 20-some years of following their wishes and shock all of their expectations, I couldnt bring myself to disobey or disappoint (Caroline, Para. 4). Living freely and thinking independently are two the prominent set in America however, obedience is important in China. We have to obey the rules in schools and government when we are young, and we cannot challenge because of punishments we have to obey our parents because of filial duty. Parents like to visualise the future for children, and they believe this job is their duty too. Therefore, we obey the commands and concede even if we have different opinions most of the time.By making a choice, either paren ts or we may be dissatisfied or disappointed. Immigrant parents sacrifice themselves by leaving the homeland to give us a better opportunity to become successful, we cannot further do whatever we like or want. We need to concern about our families, parents, and even siblings. As Hwang writes, By making the biggest move of their lives for me, my parents indentured me to the largest debt imaginableI owe then the fulfillment of their hopes for me (Caroline, Para. 15).My parents do not require me to bring a bulk of wealth back to them, what they expect is one day I can fulfill their dreams that they do not have the chance to achieve, and live in happiness. I was unhappy with their decision sometimes, but I felt their love for me also. Therefore, I never minded or regretted making concessions or compromise. Straddling two cultures are complicated, even though different cultures may complement values in for each one other. Concession and compromise are necessary in a family or different cultures.Compromise and ConcessionCompromise and Concession In most immigrant families, making more money, living better and raising kids as Americans are their goals. Parents know the importance of assimilation, but may not know the paradoxical predicaments their children may face. On one hand, parents expect children to become fully American on the other hand, they desire children to inherit their ethnic culture as well. Concession and compromise are unavoidable in many occasions and this is more obvious in immigrant families.Concession or compromise means to give up something, especially in order to end an argument or conflict. In the essay, The Good Daughter, Caroline Hwang describes her as a second-generation immigrant her life is paradoxical with compromises and concessions. Hwang becomes fully assimilated in America, but her American culture conflicts with her parents Korean expectation. As an immigrant, I fully understand Hwangs plight because it reflects me well being myse lf or obey parents. I am a second-generation immigrant from China.Before I moved to US with my mother at the age of 15, my father had already worked in a Chinese takeout restaurant in Connecticut for more than 10 years. He worked 6 days a week and more than 12 hours a day, but without good pay. Lacking skills in English not only shrank his career choices but also excluded him to study the American culture. Therefore, he expected me study English hard and engage in school. However, he also wanted me to help at the restaurant at the same time because of my familys financial situation.So my high school life was like a line between the school and restaurant. I learned English hard in school, but I had to speak in Chinese after school when a group of Chinese staff in the restaurant surrounded me. I engaged in school and enrolled in clubs as much as I could, but I had to stay in the restaurant after school most of the time. I felt that I was distant from classmates and American society. M y reading and writing skills improved gradually, but my speaking remained almost the same. I noticed this after a while but I chose to concede and remained silent.Then, this problem emerged unsurprisingly after I attended college my social inability hurt me badly. I ate in the cafeteria alone I studied without companions I wandered in school aimlessly with no friends. I dropped out of college after one year because I was not able to fit into the community and got lost between two cultures. Studying new culture and engaging in community is essential and important. However, after we absorbed new culture, our own one will remain less and the divergence will become greater.Therefore the differences in viewpoint among cultures will become greater. Immigrant parents like to think or do the way they are familiar. The ingrained conventions or habits will influence their judgments and determinations. As Hwang writes, Though they raised me as an American, my parents expect me to marry someone Korean and give them grandchildren who look like them ( Para. 17). In my culture or community, most of the parents expect children to have lovers from China, and some parents even expect lovers from the same home city.Allowance and acceptance from parents before marriage are critical because of filial duty. Lovers are not allowed to decide by themselves unless they wish to separate from the family. That is why many fully assimilated Chinese find it is difficult to find matches unless they are willing to concede or compromise. Different cultures can lead to paradoxical predicaments and bring problems back to family. Concession or compromise is often unavoidable when deciding. Because of vast of opportunities in America, most of the people can pick a career they like based on self-interests.Nonetheless, some people are not able to decide for themselves, and this problem is more obviously in immigrant families. As Hwang writes, A writing career is riskier than law ( Para. 14). Surely , a lawyer is a better career than writer, and it has a bigger chance to be successful. For Hwangs parents, career is not for self-interest but living better despite her interest, Hwang concedes to her parents because of her cultural habits. After 20-some years of following their wishes and meeting all of their expectations, I couldnt bring myself to disobey or disappoint (Caroline, Para. 4). Living freely and thinking independently are two the prominent values in America however, obedience is important in China. We have to obey the rules in schools and government when we are young, and we cannot challenge because of punishments we have to obey our parents because of filial duty. Parents like to plan the future for children, and they believe this job is their duty too. Therefore, we obey the commands and concede even if we have different opinions most of the time.By making a choice, either parents or we may be dissatisfied or disappointed. Immigrant parents sacrifice themselves by l eaving the homeland to give us a better opportunity to become successful, we cannot just do whatever we like or want. We need to concern about our families, parents, and even siblings. As Hwang writes, By making the biggest move of their lives for me, my parents indentured me to the largest debt imaginableI owe then the fulfillment of their hopes for me (Caroline, Para. 15).My parents do not require me to bring a bulk of wealth back to them, what they expect is one day I can fulfill their dreams that they do not have the chance to achieve, and live in happiness. I was unhappy with their decision sometimes, but I felt their love for me also. Therefore, I never minded or regretted making concessions or compromise. Straddling two cultures are complicated, even though different cultures may complement values in each other. Concession and compromise are necessary in a family or different cultures.

Professionally written paper

There Is n expectation that the tasks associated with this assignment will reflect a professionally pen paper. TOPIC Many companies in the western world learn been using ERP systems for a considerable amount of time and could be considered established and mature users of these systems. It has been suggested that because companies have adopted ERP systems, it would be difficult for them to achieve a competitive advantage through differentiation due to the following aspects quasi(prenominal) standardized business processes Similar technology, such as SAP, supporting these processes.Discuss how companies can achieve competitive differentiation using their ERP system for the above scenario. Use case studies to support your arguments. Your essay must include Assignment Cover Page use the cover sheet provided. Papers title varlet Include the Assignment Title, Student Name & Number, Date & unit name/code. Introduction Introduces the topic. States clearly subroutine of the paper and a brief description of the papers structure. Body Discuss, compare and/or contrast different perspectives, present arguments purporting the purpose of the paper. Conclusion Summaries the salient points you have made in the body of the paper.References/Bibliography Must be consistent in Harvard style. The footer must include your name, student ID, and page number. A header should include a short version of the title. Submission Your paper must be submitted via the bend link in Web. Your submission to Turning should only include your paper. Do not include the reference list or title page. Name your file the following way.

Genetically Foods Essay

divisortic in everyy-limited forages (GM viandss) have made a big splash in the news lately. European environmental organizations and earth interest groups have been actively pro attempting a masterst GM foods for months, and recent controversial studies nearly the effects of catchingally-modified gamboge pollen on monarch butterfly caterpillars1, 2 have brought the fall appear of genetic engineering to the forefront of the public consciousness in the U. S. In response to the upswelling of public concern, the U. S. feed and Drug Administration (FDA) held three open come acrosss in Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Oakland, California to solicit public opinions and begin the process of establishing a new regulatory procedure for presidential term approval of GM foods3. I attended the FDA meeting held in November 1999 in Washington, D. C. , and here I ordain attempt to summarize the issues involved and explain the U. S. establishments present role in ordinance GM food. What atomic number 18 genetically-modified foods? The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is most commonly subprogramd to refer to crop represents cr releaseed for man or animal consumption apply the latest molecular biology techniques.These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits such(prenominal) as increased shelter to herbicides or modify nutritional guinea pig. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant breeding methods ignore be truly time consuming and ar often non very accurate. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, can create plants with the exact desired trait very rapidly and with great accuracy. For example, plant geneticists can isolate a gene creditworthy for drought allowance and insert that gene into a different plant.The new genetically-modified plant will gain drought tolerance as well. not only can genes be transferred from one plant to a nother, but genes from non-plant organisms also can be used. The best k this instant example of this is the use of B. t. genes in corn and other crops. B. t. , or Bacillus thuringiensis, is a naturally occurring bacterium that produces crystal proteins that argon lethal to insect larvae. B. t. crystal protein genes have been transferred into corn, enabling the corn to produce its own pesticides against insects such as the European corn borer.For two informative overviews of just about of the techniques involved in creating GM foods, visit Biotech Basics (sponsored by Monsanto) http//www. biotechknowledge. monsanto. com/biotech/bbasics. nsf/index or Techniques of Plant Biotechnology from the National Center for Biotechnology Education http//www. ncbe. reading. ac. uk/NCBE/GMFOOD/techniques. What ar some of the advantages of GM foods? The conception population has topped 6 billion people and is predicted to double in the neighboring 50 years. Ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is passing to be a major challenge in the years to come.GM foods promise to meet this enquire in a number of demeanors cuss resistance Crop losses from insect pests can be staggering, resulting in devastating financial loss for farmers and starvation in disciplineing countries. Farmers typically use many tons of chemic pesticides annually. Consumers do not wish to eat food that has been treated with pesticides because of potence health hazards, and run-off of agricultural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers can poison the water supply and cause deterioration to the environment.Growing GM foods such as B. t.corn can benefactor eliminate the application of chemical pesticides and subjugate the cost of bringing a crop to market4, 5. Herbicide tolerance For some crops, it is not cost-effective to remove weeds by physical means such as tilling, so farmers will often spray large quantities of different herbicides (weed-killer) to dest roy weeds, a time-consuming and expensive process, that requires care so that the herbicide doesnt harm the crop plant or the environment. Crop plants genetically-engineered to be resistant to one very conditionful herbicide could help pr heretoforet environmental damage by reducing the amount of herbicides needed.For example, Monsanto has created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be not affected by their herbicide product Roundup 6. A farmer grows these soybeans which then only require one application of weed-killer instead of multiple applications, reducing production cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural waste run-off7. Disease resistance There are many viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases. Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases8, 9.Cold tolerance unannounced frost can destroy sensitive seedlings. An antifreeze gene from gelid water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato. With this antifreeze gene, these plants are able to tolerate cold temperatures that normally would kill unmodified seedlings10. (Note I have not been able to find any journal articles or patents that involve fish antifreeze proteins in strawberries, although I have seen such reports in newspapers. I can only conclude that nothing on this application has yet been published or patented.)Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance As the adult male population grows and more land is utilized for housing instead of food production, farmers will need to grow crops in locations previously unsuited for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places11, 12. Nutrition Malnutrition is common in three world countries where impoverished peoples rely on a virtuoso crop such as rice for the main staple of their diet.However, rice does not contain adequate amounts of all necessary nutrients to prevent malnutrition. If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated. For example, blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is a common problem in third world countries. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of golden rice containing an unusually high content of beta-carotene (vitamin A)13.Since this rice was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation14, a non-profit organization, the Institute hopes to offer the golden rice seed free to any third world untaught that requests it. Plans were underway to develop a golden rice that also has increased iron content. However, the grant that funded the creation of these two rice strains was not renewed, perhaps because of the vigorous anti-GM food protesting in Europe, and so this nutritionally-enhanced rice whitethorn not come to market at all15.Pharma ceuticals Medicines and vaccines often are costly to produce and sometimes require special gunstock conditions not readily available in third world countries. Researchers are working to develop edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes16, 17. These vaccines will be much easier to ship, store and administer than traditional injectable vaccines. Phytoremediation Not all GM plants are adult as crops. Soil and groundwater pollution continues to be a problem in all parts of the world. Plants such as poplar trees have been genetically engineered to clean up heavy metal pollution from contaminated soil18.How prevalent are GM crops? What plants are involved? According to the FDA and the United States Department of Agriculture (agribusiness), there are over 40 plant varieties that have completed all of the federal requirements for commercialization (http//vm. cfsan. fda. gov/%7Elrd/biocon). Some examples of these plants include tomatoes and cantalopes that have modified ripening characteri stics, soybeans and sugarbeets that are resistant to herbicides, and corn and cotton plants with increased resistance to insect pests.Not all these products are available in supermarkets yet however, the prevalence of GM foods in U. S. grocery stores is more widespread than is commonly thought. While there are very, very few genetically-modified whole fruits and vegetables available on produce stands, highly bear on foods, such as vegetable oils or breakfast cereals, most presumable contain some tiny percentage of genetically-modified ingredients because the raw ingredients have been pooled into one processing stream from many different sources.Also, the ubiquity of soybean derivatives as food additives in the modern American diet virtually ensures that all U. S. consumers have been exposed to GM food products. The U. S. statistics that follow are derived from data presented on the USDA web site at http//www. ers. usda. gov/briefing/biotechnology/. The global statistics are deriv ed from a brief published by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) at http//www. isaaa. org/ offsprings/briefs/Brief_21. htm and from the Biotechnology Industry Organization at http//www. bio.org/food&ag/1999Acreage.Thirteen countries grew genetically-engineered crops commercially in 2000, and of these, the U. S. produced the majority. In 2000, 68% of all GM crops were grown by U. S. farmers. In comparison, Argentina, Canada and China produced only 23%, 7% and 1%, respectively. Other countries that grew commercial GM crops in 2000 are Australia, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Spain, and Uruguay. Soybeans and corn are the top two most widely grown crops (82% of all GM crops harvested in 2000), with cotton, rapeseed (or canola) and potatoes trailing behind.74% of these GM crops were modified for herbicide tolerance, 19% were modified for insect pest resistance, and 7% were modified for both herbicide tolerance and pest tolerance. Globally, acreage of GM crops has increased 25-fold in just 5 years, from close to 4. 3 million estate in 1996 to 109 million acres in 2000 almost twice the area of the United Kingdom. Approximately 99 million acres were devoted to GM crops in the U. S. and Argentina alone. In the U. S. , approximately 54% of all soybeans polite in 2000 were genetically-modified, up from 42% in 1998 and only 7% in 1996.In 2000, genetically-modified cotton varieties accounted for 61% of the total cotton crop, up from 42% in 1998, and 15% in 1996. GM corn and also experience a similar but less dramatic increase. Corn production increased to 25% of all corn grown in 2000, some the resembling as 1998 (26%), but up from 1. 5% in 1996. As anticipated, pesticide and herbicide use on these GM varieties was slashed and, for the most part, yields were increased (for details, see the UDSA publication at http//www. ers. usda. gov/publications/aer786/). What are some of the criticisms aga inst GM foods?Environmental activists, religious organizations, public interest groups, professional associations and other scientists and government officials have all raised concerns about GM foods, and criticized agribusiness for pursuing profit without concern for possible hazards, and the government for failing to exercise adequate regulatory oversight. It seems that everyone has a strong opinion about GM foods. Even the Vatican19 and the Prince of Wales20 have expressed their opinions. Most concerns about GM foods fall into three categories environmental hazards, human health encounters, and economic concerns.Environmental hazards uncaused harm to other organisms Last year a laboratory study was published in Nature21 showing that pollen from B. t. corn caused high mortality rates in monarch butterfly caterpillars. monarch caterpillars consume milkweed plants, not corn, but the fear is that if pollen from B. t. corn is blown by the wind onto milkweed plants in nigh dramat ic arts, the caterpillars could eat the pollen and perish. Although the Nature study was not conducted under natural field conditions, the results seemed to support this viewpoint.Unfortunately, B. t. toxins kill many species of insect larvae indiscriminately it is not possible to protrude a B. t. toxin that would only kill crop-damaging pests and remain harmless to all other insects. This study is being reexamined by the USDA, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other non-government enquiry groups, and preliminary data from new studies suggests that the original study may have been flawed22, 23. This topic is the subject of acrimonious debate, and both sides of the argument are defending their data vigorously.Currently, there is no agreement about the results of these studies, and the potential risk of harm to non-target organisms will need to be evaluated further. Reduced effectiveness of pesticides Just as some populations of mosquitoes developed resistance to th e now-banned pesticide DDT, many people are concerned that insects will become resistant to B. t. or other crops that have been genetically-modified to produce their own pesticides.Gene transfer to non-target species Another concern is that crop plants engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds will cross-breed, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance genes from the crops into the weeds. These superweeds would then be herbicide tolerant as well. Other introduced genes may cross over into non-modified crops planted next to GM crops. The possibility of interbreeding is shown by the defense of farmers against lawsuits filed by Monsanto. The gild has filed patent infringement lawsuits against farmers who may have harvested GM crops. Monsanto claims that the farmers obtained Monsanto-licensed GM seeds from an unknown source and did not pay royalties to Monsanto.The farmers claim that their unmodified crops were cross-pollinated from someone elses GM crops planted a field or two away. More investigation is needed to resolve this issue. There are several possible solutions to the three problems mentioned above. Genes are exchanged between plants via pollen. Two ways to ensure that non-target species will not receive introduced genes from GM plants are to create GM plants that are male sterilised (do not produce pollen) or to modify the GM plant so that the pollen does not contain the introduced gene24, 25, 26.Cross-pollination would not occur, and if harmless insects such as monarch caterpillars were to eat pollen from GM plants, the caterpillars would survive. Another possible solution is to create buffer zones around fields of GM crops27, 28, 29. For example, non-GM corn would be planted to surround a field of B. t. GM corn, and the non-GM corn would not be harvested. Beneficial or harmless insects would have a refuge in the non-GM corn, and insect pests could be allowed to destroy the non-GM corn and would not develop resistance to B. t. pesticid es.Gene transfer to weeds and other crops would not occur because the wind-blown pollen would not travel beyond the buffer zone. Estimates of the necessary largeness of buffer zones range from 6 meters to 30 meters or more30. This plant method may not be feasible if too much acreage is demand for the buffer zones. Human health risks Allergenicity Many children in the US and Europe have developed life-threatening allergies to peanuts and other foods. There is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals.A aim to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans was abandoned because of the fear of do unexpected allergic reactions31. Extensive testing of GM foods may be required to debar the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Labeling of GM foods and food products will acquire new importance, which I shall discuss later. Unknown effects on human health There is a growing con cern that introducing foreign genes into food plants may have an unexpected and negative impact on human health.A recent article published in Lancet examined the effects of GM potatoes on the digestive tract in rats32, 33. This study claimed that there were appreciable differences in the intestines of rats fed GM potatoes and rats fed unmodified potatoes. besides critics say that this paper, like the monarch butterfly data, is flawed and does not hold up to scientific scrutiny34. Moreover, the gene introduced into the potatoes was a snowdrop flower lectin, a substance known to be toxic to mammals.The scientists who created this variety of potato chose to use the lectin gene simply to test the methodology, and these potatoes were never intended for human or animal consumption. On the whole, with the exception of possible allergenicity, scientists believe that GM foods do not present a risk to human health. Economic concerns Bringing a GM food to market is a lengthy and costly proces s, and of course agri-biotech companies wish to ensure a paying return on their investment. Many new plant genetic engineering technologies and GM plants have been patented, and patent infringement is a big concern of agribusiness.Yet consumer advocates are worried that patenting these new plant varieties will raise the price of seeds so high that small farmers and third world countries will not be able to afford seeds for GM crops, thus widening the gap between the wealthy and the poor. It is hoped that in a humanitarian gesture, more companies and non-profits will follow the fail of the Rockefeller Foundation and offer their products at reduced cost to impoverished nations. Patent enforcement may also be difficult, as the contention of the farmers that they involuntarily grew Monsanto-engineered strains when their crops were cross-pollinated shows.One way to combat possible patent infringement is to introduce a suicide gene into GM plants. These plants would be viable for only o ne growing appease and would produce sterile seeds that do not germinate. Farmers would need to buy a fresh supply of seeds each year. However, this would be financially disastrous for farmers in third world countries who cannot afford to buy seed each year and traditionally set aside a portion of their harvest to plant in the next growing season.In an open letter to the public, Monsanto has pledged to abandon all research using this suicide gene technology35. How are GM foods regulated and what is the governments role in this process? Governments around the world are hard at work to establish a regulatory process to observe the effects of and approve new varieties of GM plants. Yet depending on the political, social and economic climate within a region or country, different governments are responding in different ways.In Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has announced that health testing of GM foods will be authorisation as of April 200136, 37. Currently, testing of GM f oods is voluntary. Japanese supermarkets are offering both GM foods and unmodified foods, and customers are beginning to show a strong preference for unmodified fruits and vegetables. Indias government has not yet announced a form _or_ system of government on GM foods because no GM crops are grown in India and no products are commercially available in supermarkets yet38.India is, however, very supportive of transgenic plant research. It is highly likely that India will decide that the benefits of GM foods outweigh the risks because Indian agriculture will need to adopt drastic new measures to counteract the countrys endemic poverty and feed its exploding population. Some states in Brazil have banned GM crops entirely, and the Brazilian Institute for the Defense of Consumers, in collaboration with Greenpeace, has filed suit to prevent the importation of GM crops39,.Brazilian farmers, however, have resorted to smuggling GM soybean seeds into the country because they fear economic har m if they are unable to compete in the global marketplace with other grain-exporting countries. In Europe, anti-GM food protestors have been especially active. In the last few years Europe has experienced two major foods scares bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in Great Britain and dioxin-tainted foods originating from Belgium. These food scares have undermined consumer cartel about the European food supply, and citizens are disinclined to trust government information about GM foods.In response to the public outcry, Europe now requires mandatory food labeling of GM foods in stores, and the European Commission (EC) has established a 1% threshold for contamination of unmodified foods with GM food products40. In the United States, the regulatory process is confused because there are three different government agencies that have jurisdiction over GM foods. To put it very simply, the EPA evaluates GM plants for environmental arctic, the USDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to grow, and the FDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat.The EPA is responsible for regulating substances such as pesticides or toxins that may cause harm to the environment. GM crops such as B. t. pesticide-laced corn or herbicide-tolerant crops but not foods modified for their nutritional value fall under the purview of the EPA. The USDA is responsible for GM crops that do not fall under the umbrella of the EPA such as drought-tolerant or disease-tolerant crops, crops grown for animal feeds, or whole fruits, vegetables and grains for human consumption. The FDA historically has been concerned with pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products and additives, not whole foods.Under current guidelines, a genetically-modified ear of corn sold at a produce stand is not regulated by the FDA because it is a whole food, but a box of cornflakes is regulated because it is a food product. The FDAs stance is that GM foods are well equivalent to unmodified, natural foods, and the refore not subject to FDA regulation. The EPA conducts risk assessment studies on pesticides that could potentially cause harm to human health and the environment, and establishes tolerance and rest levels for pesticides.There are strict limits on the amount of pesticides that may be applied to crops during growth and production, as well as the amount that remains in the food after processing. Growers using pesticides mustiness have a license for each pesticide and must follow the directions on the label to accord with the EPAs sentry go standards. Government inspectors may periodically visit farms and conduct investigations to ensure compliance. Violation of government regulations may result in steep fines, loss of license and even jail sentences.As an example the EPA regulatory approach, consider B.t. corn. The EPA has not established limits on residue levels in B. t corn because the B. t. in the corn is not sprayed as a chemical pesticide but is a gene that is integrated into the genetic material of the corn itself. Growers must have a license from the EPA for B. t corn, and the EPA has issued a letter for the 2000 growing season requiring farmers to plant 20% unmodified corn, and up to 50% unmodified corn in regions where cotton is also cultivated41.This planting strategy may help prevent insects from developing resistance to the B.t. pesticides as well as provide a refuge for non-target insects such as Monarch butterflies. The USDA has many internal divisions that share responsibility for assessing GM foods. Among these divisions are APHIS, the Animal Health and Plant Inspection Service, which conducts field tests and issues permits to grow GM crops, the clownish Research Service which performs in-house GM food research, and the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service which oversees the USDA risk assessment program.The USDA is concerned with potential hazards of the plant itself. Does it harbor insect pests? Is it a noxious weed? W ill it cause harm to indigenous species if it escapes from farmers fields? The USDA has the power to impose quarantines on problem regions to prevent movement of suspected plants, restrict import or export of suspected plants, and can even destroy plants cultivated in violation of USDA regulations. Many GM plants do not require USDA permits from APHIS.A GM plant does not require a permit if it meets these 6 criteria 1) the plant is not a noxious weed 2) the genetic material introduced into the GM plant is stably integrated into the plants own genome 3) the function of the introduced gene is known and does not cause plant disease 4) the GM plant is not toxic to non-target organisms 5) the introduced gene will not cause the creation of new plant viruses and 6) the GM plant cannot contain genetic material from animal or human pathogens (see http//www. aphis. usda.gov80/bbep/bp/7cfr340 ).The current FDA policy was developed in 1992 (Federal Register Docket No. 92N-0139) and states that agri-biotech companies may voluntarily ask the FDA for a consultation. Companies working to create new GM foods are not required to consult the FDA, nor are they required to follow the FDAs recommendations after the consultation. Consumer interest groups wish this process to be mandatory, so that all GM food products, whole foods or otherwise, must be approved by the FDA before being released for commercialization.The FDA counters that the agency currently does not have the time, money, or resources to carry out exhaustive health and safety studies of every proposed GM food product. Moreover, the FDA policy as it exists today does not allow for this type of intervention. How are GM foods label? Labeling of GM foods and food products is also a contentious issue. On the whole, agribusiness industries believe that labeling should be voluntary and influenced by the demands of the free market.If consumers show preference for tagged foods over non-labeled foods, then industry will have the incentive to regulate itself or risk alienating the customer. Consumer interest groups, on the other hand, are demanding mandatory labeling. People have the right to know what they are eating, argue the interest groups, and historically industry has proven itself to be unreliable at self-compliance with existing safety regulations.The FDAs current position on food labeling is governed by the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which is only concerned with food additives, not whole foods or food products that are considered GRAS generally recognized as safe. The FDA contends that GM foods are substantially equivalent to non-GM foods, and therefore not subject to more stringent labeling. If all GM foods and food products are to be labeled, Congress must enact sweeping changes in the existing food labeling policy. There are many questions that must be answered if labeling of GM foods becomes mandatory.First, are consumers willing to absorb the cost of such an initiative? If the food produ ction industry is required to label GM foods, factories will need to construct two separate processing streams and monitor the production lines accordingly. Farmers must be able to keep GM crops and non-GM crops from mixing during planting, harvesting and shipping. It is almost assured that industry will pass along these additional costs to consumers in the form of higher prices. Secondly, what are the acceptable limits of GM contamination in non-GM products?The EC has determined that 1% is an acceptable limit of cross-contamination, yet many consumer interest groups argue that only 0% is acceptable. Some companies such as Gerber blow foods42 and Frito-Lay43 have pledged to avoid use of GM foods in any of their products. But who is going to monitor these companies for compliance and what is the penalty if they fail? Once again, the FDA does not have the resources to carry out testing to ensure compliance. What is the level of detectability of GM food cross-contamination?Scientists agree that current technology is unable to detect minute quantities of contamination, so ensuring 0% contamination using existing methodologies is not guaranteed. Yet researchers disagree on what level of contamination really is detectable, especially in highly processed food products such as vegetable oils or breakfast cereals where the vegetables used to make these products have been pooled from many different sources. A 1% threshold may already be below current levels of detectability. Finally, who is to be responsible for educating the public about GM food labels and how costly will that education be?Food labels must be designed to clearly convey accurate information about the product in simple language that everyone can understand. This may be the greatest challenge faced be a new food labeling policy how to educate and inform the public without damaging the public trust and causing alarm or fear of GM food products. In January 2000, an international trade agreement for labelin g GM foods was established44, 45. More than 130 countries, including the US, the worlds largest manufacturer of GM foods, signed the agreement.The policy states that exporters must be required to label all GM foods and that importing countries have the right to judge for themselves the potential risks and avert GM foods, if they so choose. This new agreement may spur the U. S. government to resolve the domestic food labeling dilemma more rapidly. Conclusion Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the worlds hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides.Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments, especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation, international policy and food labeling. Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enor mous potential benefits. However, we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology.