Psychosexual stages vs. psychosocial stages Essay

In psychology when the word development is mention to two theorists, stand out. These theorists be Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Freud world the bewilder of psychology changed the technique of studying the development of single(a)s. Erikson was influenced by Freud but he felt that be underestimated other signifi houset balance that shape our development. They both agreed that individualality develop is mostly an unconscious(p) abut and when it does happen, it is over time and has universal gifts.They regard that personality is ontogeny by means of a sequence of predestined submits. In separately tip, in that location is crisis that pauperisms to be conquered in evidence to advance to the adjoining stage in life. However, Freud believed the libido, persons biology and basic needs argon major factors in our development of personality (Simon & Gagnon). Although Freuds theory influenced Erikson, rather he believed environment and culture were major factors that infl uenced our personality (W botherstein, Robert & Goldberger, 2000).Freud called this development offset psycho trip outual theory and Erikson called it psycho social theory. twain deplete similarity within their theories as the age group atomic number 18 divided the same. Even so, they differ in way. Freud believed that the first three stages were the most important. He also understood personalities were substantial by conflicts resolved and the demands from reality. Erikson believed all stage were equally important and ethnical experiences helped develop personally (Wallerstein, Robert & Goldberger, 2000). They both had a diametric development process and outcomes. In order to grasp the theories, I leave behind examine each theorist and personality stages individually.In the first stage, that Freud called this psycho knowledgeable stage the verbal stage and Erikson called this psychosocial stage the invest vs. mis imprecate stage. some(prenominal) Freud and Erikson get it on the trust and dep discontinueency infants have to their nonpluss. In the oral stage, the electric razor make fors the connection amongst the generates presences with satisfying of their hunger. In the trust vs. mistrust, the small fry develops trust when they can depend on the mother to fulfill their needs hence developing a trustworthy affinity. However, these theories express different outcome when need are live up to or non.For Freud, the crisis here is weaning the baby from the mother. As time progresses the infant begin to differentiation itself from their mother. The kid comes to acknowledge on that point is no longer an umbilical connection and they a separate person from their mother (Simon & Gagnon). As a result, later in life they wrench to be optimistic and passivity. On the other hand, if the infants who do non make the distinction turn out to be pessimistic, immature and gullibility and ghost with the mouth. Some of these obsessions include biting n ails, thumb sucking, and eating and drink compulsively and verbal aggressive.As for Eriksons theory, trust and mistrust is the ego crisis. If the infant discover that no one is go forthing to fulfill his need past mistrust will develop. Conversely, if the babes needs are satisfied by dint of and through good farming, the baby will develop trust. The child will also develop the acquisition of hope and receive cosmic order in respect to society (Cloninger, 2004). In the second stage, Freud called this psycho versed stage the anal stage and Erikson called this psychosocial stage the autonomy vs. shame stage. both(prenominal) Freud and Erikson acknowledge child want to have personal control and the importance of spate culture. In the anal stage, the child wants to compass holding on and permit go. Therefore, the child encounter the control his own bowel movements through potbelly training. In autonomy vs. shame stage, mess training is used to master their body functions (Wallerstein, Robert & Goldberger, 2000). This will instill a sense of control and independency in the child. However, both theories disagreed on the outcome of successful or failing to toilet training. For Freud, the crisis is toilet training.If the child is successful at toilet training hence they will be creative and productive in their gravid life (Simon & Gagnon). Nevertheless, if the child fails they will either stimulate anal detonative or retentive. Anal explosive is when the child is rebelling during toilet training. This rebellion will cause the child to be messy, cruel, destructive and hostile as an adult. Anal-retentive is when the child withholds during toilet training.This will cause the child to be controlling, stingy and stubborn. For Erikson, although toilet training is important the crisis in this stage is control and independence. If the child does not tactile sensation supported, they will develop shame and doubt. It is important that the child belief supp orted by parents in order to develop autonomy, the ego skill will, law, and order in respect to society (Cloninger, 2004).In the third stage, Freud called this psycho depend onual stage the phallic stage and Erikson called this psychosocial stage the Initiative vs. guilt stage. Both Freud and Erikson recognize that at these stages the child finding individualism with his or her parent, and sex difference. In phallic stage, the child begins to identify him or she with their parents thus acknowledges sexual difference. According to Freud, this process occurs through the Oedipus and Electra conflict. The Oedipus conflict is when the son wants to murder his fix because he wants to be with his mother. The reason the wants to murder the father is for fear. He fears his father will discover the desire for his mother, and will be punished with emasculation (Cloning, 2004).The Electra conflict is when a girl changes her erotic relationship from the mother to the father. This relationship c hange is possible by the girls anger toward her mother (Cloninger, 2004). The reason for her anger is that she feels her mother was not dominant enough to cherish her from castration. This change of object is facilitated by the girls anger toward her mother for not being powerful enough to protect her from castration. The child identifies with the same-sex parent in order to vicariously posses parent of the opposite sex (Simon & Gagnon).The child believe the more they are like the same-sex parent they will be able to replace the other parent. Thus the superego will develop and the end of the crisis. If the child cannot resolve this struggle they will have trouble forming the superego, sexual role identity and sexual confused (Simon & Gagnon). In the initiatives vs. guilt, the child acknowledges sex difference and parent identification through these social roles. According to Erikson, the child decided the person they want, affirm their power and control through vie and social conta ct (Widick, Parker & Knefelkamp, 2006).The child must feel encourage to runaway and have social contact in order to have initiative. The child will also have a sense of purpose and learn ideal prototypes in society. However, if the child is not encouraged they will believe they are bad and have guilt (Widick, Parker & Knefelkamp, 2006). In the quartetteth stage, Freud called this psychosexual stage the latency stage and Erikson called this psychosocial stage the industry vs. inferiority stage. Both Freud and Erikson acknowledge the importance of development thought school. In the latency stage, the child develops into a more socially and academically driven person.This helps the child become constructive. In industry vs. inferiority, the child works on tasks until they are exculpate. The child hopes to receive recognition for constructing something for society. During this stage, Freud explains that the childs sexual drive is lazy thus in that respect is no crisis. This is becau se thither is a repression of sexual neural impulse (Simon & Gagnon). Instead the child use this repressed energy in to their social and academic lives. Yet, Erikson believes the crisis here is how to become a product individual in society. During this stage, the children want to learn new-sprung(prenominal) skill like reading, writing, counting and displace (Widick, Parker & Knefelkamp, 2006).Those children who are not encourage or praise for their accomplishment from their parents or teachers will develop problems with competence and self-esteem and inferiority. However, the children who are encouraged or praise for their accomplishment develop confidence, pride, competence and technological order in society (Cloninger, 2004). In this twenty percent stage, things are a little different. This fifth stage concluded Freuds psychosexual stage while Erikson had four left.These stages are identity vs. identity diffusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation and integr ity vs. hopelessness. I will compare and contrast these four stages with Freuds psychosexual stage the genital stage. Both Freud and Erikson acknowledge the importance of building the self through previous experience through the genital stage and identity vs. identity diffusion. In the genital stage, there is no crisis but after being able to overcome each psychosexual stage now the individual can began to live a balanced life. However, sexual desires are no long dormant instead they are strong sexual affaire in the opposite sex.Adolescences are in search of sexual or romantic relationships with other adolescences (Simon & Gagnon). Some of the characteristics that are developed include vanity, bearing and attention. For Erikson, the crisis here is finding self and personal identity. In order for an adolescence to generate a sense of self, they must go out and try new things. If the child is not encouraged, they can develop negative identity or identity foreclosure and identity c onfusion (Widick, Parker & Knefelkamp, 2006).Nevertheless, if the child is encouraged to explore different roles, activities and behaviors the adolescence will be able to develop their identity, the ego skill of faithfulness and learn ideological worldview in society and is able to move to the next stage (Cloninger, 2004). Erikson called this intimacy vs. isolation. Both Freud and Erikson acknowledge the importance of happenking a relationship with the opposite sex through their theories. In the genital stage, there is no crisis but latency has been conquered and the focus is chatterking pleasure through sexual contact (Simon & Gagnon).In Eriksons intimacy vs. isolation, the crisis is finding adore not sexual pleasure. Since the young adults have a sense of identity, they can collectk an intimate relationship without fears of losing their identity (Widick, Parker & Knefelkamp, 2006). If a person does not find intimacy with someone, the young adult will become isolated. However, if they do find intimacy they will develop the ego skill of be intimate and learn pattern of cooperation and competition in society and advance (Cloninger, 2004).Erikson called this generativity vs. stagnation. Both Freud and Erikson recognize the significance of seeking welfare of life and society through their contributions. In the genital stage, as the individual mature in to adulthood, they are no longer just interested in their selves but others. In Erikson, generativity vs. stagnation, the adult want to contribution to society and that will ultimately live on them. This contribution is range from children, social or political change or art (Wallerstein, Robert & Goldberger, 2000). If the adult is unable to cultivate a contribution then they will have sense stagnation, failure, disconnected or involved in their life.On the other hand, if they are able to contribute they will feel a sense of generativity, develop the ego skill of care and learn currents of education and tradit ion in society thus move to the last stage (Cloninger, 2004). Erikson called this integrity vs. despair. Both Freud and Erikson identify this stage when the personality is complete formed. In the genital stage, the personality is well balanced in all aspects of the person (Simon & Gagnon). In Erikson, integrity vs. despair, the individual reflect on their life. When reflecting occurs if there are regrets or dissatisfied with life, they will have despair (Wallerstein, Robert & Goldberger, 2000).However, if there is a sense of fulfillment then they will have integrity, wisdom as an ego skill and in society (Cloninger, 2004). at present that I have examined each theorist and their stage individually, it is clearly to see where there theories are similar and different. When compare the theories we are able to see why personality development is unconscious, slow and universal. In contrast, we can see how they differ in the process of development by recognizing the outcome.1. Reference2 . Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of personality. (pp. 45-48). NUpper Saffle RIver, impudent Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall. 3. Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. (n.d.). Psychosexual development. Society, 35(2), 60-67. 4. Wallerstein. , Robert, S., & Goldberger, L. (2000). Ideas and identities The life work of erik erikson.Psychoanalytic Psychology, 17(2), 437-442. 5. Widick, C., Parker, C., & Knefelkamp, L. (2006). Erik erikson and psychosocial development. New Direcrtion for Student, 1978(4), 1-17.