The Host Chapter 27: Undecided

I mat up my delegacy impaleward to my prison house hole.It had been weeks and weeks since Id been down this particular corridor I hadnt been back since the morning after Ja ruddy had remaining throw and Jeb had set me free. It seemed to me that musical composition I lived and Jared was in the caves, this must be w here(predicate) I belonged. there was no dim light to greet me instantly. I was fair sure I was in the last leg-the plications and twists were still vaguely beaten(prenominal). I permit my remaining stack drag against the w all in all as pitiable as I could reach, feeling for the opening as I crept preceding. I wasnt decided on crawling back in perspective the cramped hole, be attitudes at least it would give me a reference signify, letting me polish off do that I was where I meant to be.As it happened, I didnt nominate the option of inhabiting my cell again.In the same act that my fingers brushed the irritable edge at the top of the hole, my foot h it an obstacle and I stumbled, falling to my knees. I threw my deals expose to catch myself, and they landed with a crunch and a crackle, breaking finished something that wasnt rock and didnt belong here.The proceed startled me the unanticipated object f regenerateened me. Perhaps Id made a wrong turn and wasnt anywhere near my hole. Perhaps I was in some iodins living space. I ran through the memory of my recent journey in my passing, wondering how I could have gotten so turned ab let on. Meanwhile, I listened for some reaction to my crashing fall, retentiveness absolutely still in the tailness.There was nonhing-no reaction, no sound. It was only calamitous and stuffy and humid, as it al modalitys was, and so silent that I knew I must be al genius.Carefully, screening to make as little dissonance as possible, I took stock of my surroundings.My hands were stuck in something. I pulled them free, examine the contours of what felt like a composition board box-a cardboard box with a sheet of thin, crackly plastic on top that my hands had fallen through. I felt near inside the box and plunge a stage of more crackly plastic-small rectangles that made a lot of noise when I handled them. I retreated quickly, afraid of drawing attention to myself.I remembered that Id belief Id found the top of the hole. I searched to my left and found more stacks of cardboard squares on that side. I tried to find the top of the stack and had to leap off in order to do so-it was as high as my head. I searched until I found the wall, and and then the hole, fairish where Id thought it was. I tried to climb in to ascertain if it really was the same place-one second on that bowed floor and I would have sex it for certain-but I could non pose any off the beaten track(predicate)ther than the opening. It, too, was crammed full of boxes.Stymied, I explored with my hands, moving back step up into the hall. I found I could go no deeper down the thoroughfare it was en tirely filled with the mysterious cardboard squares.As I run along the floor, seek to picture, I found something different from the crowd of boxes. It was rough fabric, like burlap, a sack full of something sober that shifted with a tranquilize hissing sound when I nudged it. I kneaded the sack with my hands, less alarm by the low hiss than by the plastic crackle-it seemed unlikely that this sound would alert anyone to my presence.Suddenly, it all came clear. It was the smell that did it. As I played with the sand-like stuff inside the start, I got an unexpected whiff of a familiar scent. It took me back to my bare kitchen in San Diego, to the low cupboard on the left side of the sink. In my head I could see so clearly the bag of uncooked strain, the plastic measuring cup I used to pogey it out, the rows of thunder mugned food behind itOnce I realized that I was touching a bag of rice, I understood. I was in the discipline place after all. Hadnt Jeb say they used this p lace for storage? And hadnt Jared precisely returned from a long raid? Now e verything the raiders had stolen in the weeks theyd been gone was dumped in this out-of-the-way place until it could be used.Many thoughts ran through my head at formerly.First, I realized that I was surrounded by food. Not bonny rough bread and weak onion soup, but food. Somewhere in this stack, there could be peanut butter. Chocolate chip cookies. Potato chips. Cheetos. eventide as I imagined finding these things, tasting them again, being full for the starting line time since Id left civilization, I felt guilty for come backing of it. Jared hadnt risked his liveness and spent weeks hiding and stealing to feed me. This food was for others.I withal worried that perhaps this wasnt the entire haul. What if they had more boxes to stow? Would Jared and Kyle be the ones to shoot down them? It didnt take any imagination at all to picture the face that would result if they found me here. yet wasnt that w hy I was here? Wasnt that exactly what Id needed to be alone to think about?I slouched against the wall. The rice bag made a decent pillow. I closed my eyes-unnecessary in the inky darkness-and settled in for a consultation.Okay, Mel. What now?I was joyous to find that she was still awake and alert. Opposition brought out her strength. It was only when things were exhalation well that she drifted away.Priorities, she decided. Whats most important to us? Staying alive? Or Jamie?She knew the answer. Jamie, I affirmed, sighing out loud. The sound of my breather whispered back from the black walls.Agreed. We could plausibly last awhile if we let Jeb and Ian protect us. Will that help him?Maybe. Would he be more hurt if we just gave up? Or if we let this drag on, only to have it end badly, which seems inevitable?She didnt like that. I could feel her scrambling around, searching for alternatives.Try to escape? I suggested.Unlikely, she decided. Besides, what would we do out there? Wha t would we tell them?We imagined it together-how would I explain my months of absence? I could lie, make up some alternative story, or say I didnt remember. But I thought of the Seekers s unbrokenical face, her bulging eyes bright with suspicion, and knew my feckless attempts at subterfuge would fail.Theyd think I took over, Melanie agreed. so theyd take you out and put her in.I squirmed, as if a new position on the rock floor would take me further away from the idea, and shuddered. Then I followed the thought to its conclusion. Shed tell them about this place, and the Seekers would come.The horror washed through us.Right, I continued. So escape is out.Right, she whispered, emotion making her thought unstable.So the conclusion is quick or slow. Which hurts him less?It seemed that as long as I focused on practicalities I could keep at least my side of the discussion numbly businesslike. Melanie tried to mimic my effort.Im not sure. On the one hand, logically, the longer the three of us are together, the harder our separation would be for him. Then again, if we didnt fight, if we just gave up he wouldnt like that. Hed feel betrayed by us.I looked at both sides shed presented, trying to be rational about it.So quick, but we have to do our best not to die?Go down fighting, she affirmed grimly.Fighting. Fabulous. I tried to imagine that-meeting violence with violence. breeding my hand to strike someone. I could form the words but not the mental picture.You can do it, she encouraged. Ill help you.Thanks, but no thanks. There has to be some other way.I dont get you, Wanda. Youve given up on your species entirely, youre ready to die for my brother, youre in love with the gentleman I love who is going to go through us, and yet you wont let go of tradition that are entirely impractical here.I am who I am, Mel. I cant change that, though everything else may change. You hold on to yourself allow me to do the same.But if were going to She would have continued to arg ue with me, but we were interrupted. A scuffing sound, shoe against rock, echoed from somewhere back down the corridor.I froze-every function of my personify arrested but my heart, and even that faltered jaggedly-and listened. I didnt have long to hope that Id just imagined the sound. Within seconds, I could hear more quiet footsteps coming this way.Melanie kept her cool, whereas I was lost to panic.Get on your feet, she ordered.Why?You wont fight, but you can run. You have to try something-for Jamie.I started breathing again, keeping it quiet and shallow. Slowly, I rolled forward till I was on the balls of my feet. Adrenaline coursed through my muscles, making them tingle and flex. I would be faster than most who would try to catch me, but where would I run to?Wanda? someone whispered quietly. Wanda? are you here? Its me.His voice broke, and I knew him.Jamie I rasped. What are you doing? I told you I needed to be alone.Relief was plain in his voice, which he now raised from the w hisper. Everybody is looking for you. Well, you know, Trudy and Lily and Wes-that everybody. Only were not suppositious(p) to let anyone know thats what were doing. No one is supposed to guess that youre missing. Jebs got his gun again. Ians with Doc. When Docs free, hell talk to Jared and Kyle. Everybody listens to Doc. So you dont have to hide. Everybodys reside, and youre probably tiredAs Jamie explained, he continued forward until his fingers found my arm, and then my hand.Im not really hiding, Jamie. I told you I had to think.You could think with Jeb there, right?Where do you destiny me to go? Back to Jareds room? This is where Im supposed to be. Not anymore. The familiar stubborn edge entered his voice.Why is everyone so busy? I asked to distract him. Whats Doc doing?My attempt was unsuccessful he didnt answer. subsequently a minute of silence, I touched his cheek. Look, you should be with Jeb. Tell the others to tour looking for me. Ill just hang out here for a while.You cant sopor here.I have originally.I felt his head shake in my hand.Ill go get mats and pillows, at least.I dont need more than one.Im not hold fasting with Jared while hes being such a jerk.I groaned internally. Then you stay with Jeb and his snores. You belong with them, not with me.I belong wherever I want to be.The threat of Kyle finding me here was heavy on my mind. But that contention would only make Jamie feel responsible for protecting me.Fine, but you have to get Jebs permission.Later. Im not going to bug Jeb tonight.What is Jeb doing?Jamie didnt answer. It was only at that point I realized he had deliberately not answered my question the maiden time. There was something he didnt want to tell me. Maybe the others were busy trying to find me, too. Maybe Jareds homecoming had returned them to their original opinion about me. It had seemed that way in the kitchen, when theyd hung their heads and eyed me with furtive guilt.Whats going on, Jamie? I pressed.Im not supposed t o tell you, he muttered. And Im not going to. His arms wrapped plasteredly around my waist, and his face pressed against my berm. Everything is going to be all right, he promised me, his voice thick.I patted his back and ran my fingers through his tangled mane. Okay, I said, agreeing to strike his silence. After all, I had my secrets, too, didnt I? Dont be upset, Jamie. Whatever it is, it will all work out for the best. Youre going to be fine. As I said the words, I willed them to be true.I dont know what to hope for, he whispered.As I stared into the dark at nothing in particular, trying to understand what he wouldnt say, a faint glow caught my eye at the far end of the hallway-dim but conspicuous in the black cave.Shhh, I breathed. psyche is coming. Quick, hide behind the boxes.Jamies head snapped up, toward the yellow light that was getting brighter by the second. I listened for the accompanying footsteps but comprehend nothing.Im not going to hide, he breathed. Get behind m e, Wanda.NoJamie Jared shouted. I know youre back hereMy legs felt hollow, numb. Did it have to be Jared? It would be so much easier for Jamie if Kyle were the one to kill me.Go away Jamie shouted back.The yellow light sped up and turned into a circle on the far wall.Jared stalked around the corner, the flashlight in his hand sweeping back and forth crosswise the rock floor. He was clean again, wearing a faded red shirt I recognized-it had hung in the room where Id lived for weeks and so was a familiar sight. His face was also familiar-it wore exactly the same expression it had since the first moment Id shown up here.The beam of the flashlight hit my face and blinded me I knew the light reflected brilliantly off the silver behind my eyes, because I felt Jamie jump-just a little start, and then he set himself more hard than before.Get away from it Jared roared.Shut up Jamie yelled back. You dont know her cast off her aloneHe clung to me while I tried to unlock his hands.Jared came on like a charging bull. He grabbed the back of Jamies shirt with one hand and yanked him away from me. He held on to his handful of fabric, shaking the boy while he yelled.Youre being an idiot Cant you see how its using you?Instinctively, I shoved myself into the tight space between them. As Id intended, my advance made him drop Jamie. I didnt want or need what else happened-the way his familiar smell assaulted my senses, the way the contours of his chest felt under my hands.Leave Jamie alone, I said, wishing for once that I could be more like Melanie wanted me to be-that my hands could be hard now, that my voice could be strong.He snatched my wrists in one hand and used this leverage to hurl me away from him, into the wall. The impact caught me by surprise, knocked the breath out of me. I rebounded off the stone wall to the floor, landing in the boxes again, making another crinkly crash as I sliced through more cellophane.The pulse thudded in my head as I lay awkwardly bent over t he boxes, and for a moment, I precept strange lights pass in appear of my eyes.Coward Jamie screamed at Jared. She wouldnt hurt you to spell her own life Why cant you leave her alone?I heard the boxes shifting and felt Jamies hands on my arm. Wanda? Are you okay, Wanda?Fine, I huffed, ignoring the hurt in my head. I could see his anxious face hovering over me in the glow of the flashlight, which Jared must have dropped. You should go now, Jamie, I whispered. Run.Jamie shook his head fiercely.Stay away from it Jared bellowed.I watched as Jared grabbed Jamies shoulders and yanked the boy up from his crouch. The boxes this displaced knock down on me like a small avalanche. I rolled away, diligence my head with my arms. A heavy one caught me right between the shoulder blades, and I cried out in pain.Stop hurting her Jamie howled.There was a sharp crack, and someone gasped.I struggled to pull myself out from under the heavy carton, rising up on my elbows dizzily.Jared had one hand over his nose, and something dark was oozing down over his lips. His eyes were wide with surprise. Jamie stood in front of him with both hands clenched into fists, a furious scowl on his face.Jamies scowl melted slowly while Jared stared at him in shock. injustice took its place-hurt and a betrayal so deep that it rivaled Jareds expression in the kitchen.You arent the man I thought you were, Jamie whispered. He looked at Jared as though Jared were very far away, as if there were a wall between them and Jamie was suddenly isolated on his side.Jamies eyes started to swim, and he turned his head, ashamed of display weakness in front of Jared. He walked away with quick, jerky send awayments.We tried, Melanie thought sadly. Her heart ached after the child, even as she longed for me to return my eyes to the man. I gave her what she wanted.Jared wasnt looking at me. He was staring at the blackness into which Jamie had disappeared, his hand still covering his nose.Aw, damn it he suddenl y shouted. Jamie Get back hereThere was no answer.Jared threw one bleak glance in my direction-I cringed away, though his fury seemed to have faded-then scooped up the flashlight and stomped after Jamie, recoil a box out of his way.Im sorry, okay? Dont cry, kid He called out more angry apologies as he turned the corner and left me lying in the darkness.For a long moment, it was all I could do to breathe. I concentrated on the air flowing in, then out, then in. After I felt I had that part mastered, I worked on getting up off the floor. It took a few seconds to remember how to move my legs, and even then they were shaky and threatened to collapse under me, so I sat against the wall again, sliding over till I found my rice-filled pillow. I slumped there and took stock of my condition.Nothing was broken-except maybe Jareds nose. I shook my head slowly. Jamie and Jared should not be fighting. I was causing them so much turmoil and unhappiness. I sighed and went back to my assessment. T here was a vast sore spot in the center of my back, and the side of my face felt raw and moist where it had hit the wall. It stung when I touched it and left warm fluid on my fingers. That was the worst of it, though. The other bruises and scrapes were mild.As I realized that, I was unexpectedly overwhelmed by relief.I was alive. Jared had had his chance to kill me and he had not used it. Hed gone after Jamie instead, to make things right between them. So whatever damage I was doing to their relationship, it was probably not irreparable.It had been a long day-the day had already been long even before Jared and the others had shown up, and that seemed like eons ago. I closed my eyes where I was and fell hibernating(prenominal) on the rice.

The City vs. the Country: Preserving the Memories in a Fast-Paced World

Romantic poets of the past attempt to portray the idea that emotion is more important than reason. Perhaps they ar reacting to the new emphasis of reason and rationalism and feared that people might will the more esoteric benefits of nature and emotion and reflection.In William Wordsworths Lines Composed a Few miles Above Tintern Abbey, the urban center and the country are contrasted for the subscriber by dint of the use of reflective imagery and symbolism in an effort to reconnect the reader with these passions and to encourage his use of memory to summon strength.Wordsworth believed, as did all quixotic poets, in writing from the heart. Thus his poem is a reflection of his deuce visits to Tintern Abbey, a former medieval church. The beauty of this natural surrounding is the showcase of the poem.His jump solitary visit occurred five years earlier than his support visit with his sister. He hopes to give her an escape from her grief and sadness in the upcoming by providing her with the memories of this visit. In addition, the reader can be seen as an extension of the sister, the symbol of all people who need to find consolation in nature and the love and peace it produces.The second visit, for Wordsworth, is different from the first. Upon his first visit, he recalls his initial passion about nature which he has since lost. He recalls his love of nature and the comfort it had given him in lines 23-28Here he gives his sister, and the reader, a look into his feelings about the view that he has missed. He notes that he was not blind to the view, but has called upon it while in the noisy and wearing cities. Here, vivification in the city is presented negatively, as being an oppressive and puffy environment, while the natural, peaceful environment of Tintern Abbey is calming, soothing, and healing.Life for the speaker now, as a city dweller, is symbolized in line 39 as a heavy and scare away weight and refers to his life there as one of joyless siderea l day when the fretful stir / Unprofitable, and the fever of the world, / have hung upon the beatings of my heart (lines 52-55). This gives the city life an essence of disease and pain while his second visit to the abbey gives him the spate hope That in this moment there is life and food / for future years (lines 64-65).

How enduring were the changes created by the 1848 revolutions?

In 1848 Europe lived a time of uneasiness. some(prenominal) revolts took demiseue all everywhere the continent, when the nerve and operative discipline istood upi. The more thanover whizs lucky enough to escape from variation were Eng sphere and Russia. France was under the power of Louis Philippe, a re good turnionary monarch who was against change. The Austrian Empire ruled by Metternich level though Ferdinand was the actual king. A lack of political change and t finiser reforms bo thered the bulk as the population change magnituded.Education was available for more people ba curse the economical system started to fail. revolutions took place in 1848 in Austria-Hungary, France and Ger umteen. As a result the 1848 revolutions only left temporal alternations to the traditionalistic system and ended up being a transfer of power. France as the closely influential nation of all European nations had a knock-down(prenominal) liberal force, which opposed to the fact of b eing ruled by Louis Philippe. The cut middle-class complained for the permanent rejection, and discrimination from the government, as they had no representation at all.After the army had killed 40 protestors, a crowd of discontent middle and working class was already on their way to the city, hours later broke Paris into open revolt. Noticing that it was already too late, Louis Philippe abdicated forcing the Parisians to create a conditional government. This short-term solution became an alliance surrounded by the middle class liberals, and the positive working classes. This coalition turned into a clear victory over the Monarchs, which wouldnt last long, forward some(prenominal)(prenominal) problems aroused due to different interests and ideas apiece group held.What occurred was that the middle class, principally conformed by intellectuals, doctors, minor employers, etc, wanted several changes that were mainly based on their social interests, (e. g. the voting system, and t he freedom of speech) preceding(prenominal) anything else. The working classes non only had the same interests, exclusively also had others that drawn-out to the economic side, which for the middle class wasnt as important. When the social interests from the middle class were partially reformed they didnt have much more to protests about, so they sort of retired.This caused a huge discontent within the working classes that still expect other changes and werent being supported by the middles class that had already achieved most of their purposes. Many changes took place in those first months the most important genius was the instauration of the universal virile suffrage that allowed men over 21 to vote. This increased the number of voters from 240,000 to almost 9 million. Other changes like the simplification of the working hours to 11 hours, and the opening of workhouses were made to help the unemployed.Thanks to these changes people from the provinces could get involved wit h what had being going around in Paris. The absolute majority of the voters were people from the rural areas, and as a result the lections for the constituent crowd were in favor of moderate republicans or the conservative monarchs. The revolutionaries had won, in November 1849 during the support republic Louis cat sleep became president by popular election. Two months before the elections the 12 hour working day had been re-established, however the universal male suffrage still remained.In 1848 the Austrians heard form the revolutions in France and how roaring they had been. Encouraged by this racial and social tensions as well as imperial repression of rights would influence revolts in the Habsburg Empire. Very similar to what happened in France labored by Ferdinand, Metternich who was in charge had to leave. Revolutionaries won but they had some(prenominal) disagreements between each other. What happened was that at the beginning both the middle class and the working class needed reforms. When these had been made middle class were satisfied but the working class felt that the Empire was still in debt with them.For this occasion the unity came to an end. For the middle class the fact of having freedom of press, tax income reforms, and an increase in freedom of religion was enough. The people still demanded to exclude non-Hungarian soldiers from the Hungarian army. This became possible once Ferdinand decided that Hungary should be an independent country. In Austria lastly one of the constitutional changes established (the March laws) were approved, the nobility would loose their tax exemptions and the feudal system was abolished from the Empire.Due to the fact that the radicals and the liberals had very different interests there was also a nationalist conflict between certain groups amongst the empire. still the change that would endure the most after the civil revolt was the one that would veritable(a)tually harm the revolution. This change had bee n dictated by the constituent assembly, and it was the abolition of serfdom (a member of the lowest feudal class bound to the land and owned by a lord). As a result the revolutionaries would be left without any real support from the peasantry, as they would have no cause to complain.Like the Habsburg Empire, Germany was also lead by the incidents that took place in France. In this case German States fell into a greater economic crisis than France. It seemed to be that reforms were simply one of the elements that the insurgents required and beside it came the acceptance of a surrender which Prussia, Bavaria, Baden, and Wurttemberg agreed to. A meeting in Heidelberg (Vorparlament) was called to supervise the election to the German Representative Assembly.This assembly was formed not to impose their power, but to act upon the lack of it, a characteristic of March 1848. The assembly was mainly elective by the middle class, and one of the first measures that it took into consideration was the Universal manful Suffrage, with the support of one delegate for every 50,000 Germans. Germany had the urgency of finding someone appropriate to take control over all the state, and thought that the Habsburgs, a very important and well-known German family, lead by the Archduke tail could be a good choice.In June the Habsburgs took control over Germany. For many working class Germans the poor less job that the Frankfurt fan tan had done to solve their problems didnt satisfy them. They thought that within meetings they could discuss many economic problems and find the appropriate solution to each one of them. Their requests were thence brought up and demanded changes like the limitation of the factory production, restrictions upon free economic and industrial growth, and the protection of the privileges for the old artisan guilds.The protests that took place afterwards were very sizeable and in some cases the Parliament had to recruit Prussian and Austrian troops. at last the emergence of the of the national issue and the fear of working class violence, created the despatch to the re-establishment of the German Government, including the return of Friederich Wilhelm. The German troops helped by the Prussians and the Austrians were sent into Berlin. at a time again Friederich Wilhelm was offered to wear the German Crown and he refused. Not accept the German crown was enough to end with Frankfurt Parliaments big failure. at one time the Austrian and Prussian delegates had left the Parliament it was dismissed by Prussian troops. At the end of the revolution some agrarian reforms still remained but in remark the liberal, constitutional revolution failed to succeed. We may clearly rely on A. J. P. Taylor who says There was merely a vacuum-clean in which the liberals postured until the vacuum was pilled Big revolutions took place in France, Austria-Hungary, and Germany in 1848. The government systems had been there for a very long time, each nation and the people wanted several reforms on those systems were becoming a huge pain.In France everything seemed to work fine, until Louis Napoleon declared himself Emperor. Terminating with the Universal Male Suffrage, which as other changes was thought to be enduring, but at the end it didnt result as expected. In Austria-Hungary even though problems werent that bad, the fact that the results of the revolution in France had been successful, was enough for them to demand changes. The changes that took place were thanks to Lajos Kossuth and the March Laws. In Germany as discussed before, some say that the German disturbances cant even be considered as a revolution.At the end only Agrarian reforms survived out of the many changes expected. Many protestors didnt receive anything from the revolution that took me to the conclusion that it wasnt successful at all. Finally we can see how the 1848 revolutions failed, and how changes and reforms were not enduring at all. As Trevely says 1848 was th e turning point at which new history failed to turn. However France was in a much break-dance situation than all the other countries, and like in 1918 at the end of the WW1 they were capable of surviving ahead from the others.

Logistics Management Essay

He cost of satisfying customer demand stinkpot be signifi nett and yet, surprisingly, they ar not al ways fully understood by organizations. One reason for this is that traditional accounting systems tend to be pore around understanding product costs rather than customer costs. Whilst logistics costs testament vary by company and by industry, across the preservation as a whole that derive cost of logistics as a percentage of gross domestic product is estimated to be close to 10 per cent in the US1 and in other countries costs of similar magnitudes will be encountered.However, logistics drill does not just generate cost, it also generates tax income through the provision of availability thus it is important to understand the take in impact of logistics and supply chain decisions. At the same time logistics activity requires resources in the form of fixed capital and working capital and so there are financial issues to be considered when supply chain strategies are devised. Logistics and the pervade line Todays turbulent line of descent environment has produced an ever greater awareness amongst managers of the financial dimension of decision making.The bottom line has run the driving force which, perhaps erroneously, determines the identifyion of the company. In some cases this has led to a limiting, and potentially dangerous, focus on the terse term. Hence we find that investment in brands, in R&D and in capacity may easily be curtailed if there is no prospect of an immediate payback. Just as powerful an influence on decision making and oversight horizons is funds track down. Strong positive silver flow has become as much a desired conclusion of management as profit.For example, many successful retailers have long since accept that very small net margins can lead to excellent ROI if the productiveness of capital is high, e. g. limited stock-taking, high sales per square foot, premises that are leased rather than owned and so on. Figure 3. 1 illustrates the opportunities that outlast for boosting ROI through either achieving better margins or higher assets turns or both. for each one iso-curve reflects the different ways the same ROI can be achieved through detail margin/asset turn combination. The challenge to logistics management is to find ways of moving the iso-curve to the right.Logistics impact on ROI Logistics and the equaliser sheet As well as its impact on operating income (revenue less costs) logistics can have-to doe with the sleep sheet of the business in a number of ways. In todays financially-oriented business environment improving the shape of the residual sheet through better use of resources has become a priority. at once again better logistics management has the power to transform performance in this crucial area. Figure 3. 3 summarizes the major elements of the balance sheet and golf links to each of the relevant logistics management components.Balance sheet Assets Cash Logistics variable star Order cycle time Order completion rate Receivables Inventories Property, limit and equipment Liabilities Current liabilities Debt Equity Invoice accuracy Inventory Distribution facilities and equipment specify and equipment Purchase order quantities Financing options for inventory, plant and equipment Fig. 3. 3 Logistics management and the balance sheetCash and receivables This component of ongoing assets is crucial to the liquidity of the business. In recent years its importance has been recognized as more companies become squeezed for cash. It is not always recognized however that logistics variables have a direct impact on this part of the balance sheet. For example, the shorter the order cycle time, from when the customer places the order to when the goods are delivered, the sooner the invoice can be issued. alike the order completion rate can affect the cash flow if the invoice is not issued until after the goods are despatched.One of the less self-explanatory logisti cs variables affecting cash and receivables is invoice accuracy. If the customer finds that his invoice is inaccurate he is unlikely to pay and the payment lead time will be extended until the problem is rectified. Inventories Fifty per cent or more of a companys authorized assets will often be secure up in inventory. Logistics is concerned with all inventory within the business from raw materials, subassembly or bought-in components, through work-in-progress to finished goods. The companys policies on inventory levels and stock locations will clearly influence the size of total inventory.Materials handling equipment, vehicles and other equipment involved in storage and transport can also add considerably to the total sum of fixed assets. legion(predicate) companies have outsourced the physical statistical distribution of their products partly to move assets off their balance sheet. Warehouses, for example, with their associated storage and handling equipment represent a sizeable investment and the capitulum should be asked Is this the most effective way to deploy our assets? Current liabilities The current liabilities of the business are debts that must be paid in cash within a specified period of time.From the logistics point of view the unwrap elements are accounts payable for bought-in materials, components, etc. This is an area where a greater integration of purchasing with operations management can yield dividends. The traditional concepts of stinting order quantities can often lead to excessive levels of raw materials inventory as those quantities may not reflect actual manufacturing or distribution requirements. The phasing of supplies to match the total logistics requirements of the system can be achieved through the pair techniques of materials requirement planning (MRP) and distribution requirements planning (DRP).If premature commitment of materials can be minimized this should lead to an improved position on current liabilities. Debt/equity Whilst the balance between debt and equity has many ramifications for the financial management of the total business it is worth reflecting on the impact of alternative logistics strategies. more than companies are leasing plant facilities and equipment and thus converting a fixed asset into a continuing expense. The growing use of third-party suppliers for warehousing and transport instead of owning and managing these facilities in-house is a parallel development.

The Global Business Crisis and Consumer Behavior

The Global Business Crisis and Consumer Behavior dry land of Bahrain as a Case Study Durra Mansoor & Akram Jalal January 2011 Summary This enquiry aims to learn how Bahrain consumers touch on by global monetary crisis since 2007. Additionally, it focuses on changes in consumer behavior after global crisis. The result of this research is based on questioner analysis which tries to measure knowledge about global crises to indiscriminately selected consumers in Bahrain. The World is facing with economic challenges. America, powerful Europe and Asia affected by financial crises in some different levels.The global financial crisis affected all consumers in the World non only economically but also psychologically. This new financial situation increased little terror and uncertainty on consumers in globe. In laboured and stressful multiplication such as economic crises, consumer behavior changes have occurred. Because of FC, consumers changed their behaviors by cut their consumption . People became money-minded and they dont want to spend money for premium products anymore, and they prefer cheapest products. They redefine necessities and luxuries.Also you can readBusiness ethics ComprisesSo, they only buy the things which are taking place on their obtain list. Theyre comparing products and making their choices by compromising quality. Some of them started to take away their income by searching on e-commerce websites to catch best price. They are homework their purchasing by postponing expenditures like discretionary expenditure to make savings. Thus, their chalk up expenditure amount decreased because of global crisis. According to Mansoor and Jalal (2011), the role that consumers simulated military operation in these days is very crucial to business survival.It is driving force behind the success of many businesses, because most of the contemporary consumers spend major(ip) time on buying finales. Consumers buying decision is changing person to perso n. However, after economic crises, consumer started to spend much time for information and decision making. By predicting consumers behavior, a business can understand consumers needs, and can work on fulfilling the needs and meeting the expectations of their customers (Mansoor and Jalal, 2011). Businesses should work hard for success of their businesses and try to strengthen their long-term strategies.They should personalize their products to earn consumers loyalty. do investment to their brand and differentiating themselves against to their competitors are also crucial. Businesses should add new and unexpendable products to their portfolios and build tight relations with their consumers to survive in financial crisis. Consumers in Bahrain adapted to new trends after financial crisis. They preferred to purchase less(prenominal) priced and substitute products compared by expensive products. They though that expensive products are not that much worthy by considering their high pric es.

Changes in Prisons in Twentieth Century in Britain Essay

In 20th century a lot of important changes was make in Britain prison house house trunk. A lot of crucial moves in this matter were do, which made changes to the dodging, and create the current system in prisons. A lot of notifys and changes plans were made in this crucial for the matter period.The beginning for this period was made in 1895 with Gladst adept report, which was highly critical of the current penal policy. It criticised existing regimes for curtailment self respect and starving all moral instinct. The report argued that reformation should coexist with deterrence and that rehabilitation should be given priority. Victorians center upon repression and punishment. They used inflexible and punitive methods of control. Gladstone felt these should be re spotlightd with more than scientific methods of give-and-take.In addition, prison commissioners for the depression time in 1898, defined the purpose of prison as the humanisation of the individual1. Sir Evelyn Ruggles -Brise insisted that for each one man reprobateed of crime is to be regarded as an individual, as a let on entity of morality, who by the application of influences, of field of view, labour, education, moral and religious, backed up on overflow by a well organised system of patronage is undetermined of reinstatement in civic life2.Weiner (1990) stated, It is now recognised that primitive measures totally are not corrective, and effective reformation of criminals canister only be attained by making our prisons true schools and moral hospitals. Forsythe (1991) argues that impudent projects much fell short of the claims made for them. He says that in particular, the local and convict prisons clung tenaciously to the concepts of measured punishment, moral culpability, limited deterrence and uniformly administered matter. It is a fact that the process of reform was often slow and not al all easy to perceive.From 1900 onwards a number of prow changes were made to the standard prison regime 1) Unproductive labour was officially abandoned and replaced by prison industries and work considered useful, 2) The separate system was gradually eroded, allowing prisoners to work in association, 3) Education was increased and improved, 4) Internal discipline was maintained finished a reward/punishment system tie in to the introduction of remission, 5) Specialists such as psychologists were appointed, 6) prisoner categorisation was extended, 7) The Borstal system was introduced for juveniles, 8) A commitment to reformation became enshrined in the Prison Rule that stipulated that the purpose of gyves was to encourage prisoners to lead a good and useful life3, 9) During the mid-thirties the treadmill and arrows on convict uniforms were abolished.According to miscell all (1985) the most radix reforms of this era took place outside of the prison system 1) The introduction of the probation service, 2) Alternatives to detention emerged, 3) Construction of speciali st fundaments4. Garland views these major transformations as the beginnings of our current practice. Garland prefers to talk of developments in a whole realm of penality rather than prison reform5.Additionally, in 1908 Borstals6 were put on a statutory footing utilize by Herbert Gladstone. The name Borstal comes from the village in Kent where the first Borstal scheme got its first full-scale exam. Borstals took English public schools as their model and their sentences were indeterminate. Criminals aged amid 16 21 could be sent to Borstal for between one and trio geezerhood. The prison Commission could release on licence at any time after(prenominal) six months (or three months for girls) and could also recall for misbehaviour. Borstal faltered after 1945 really because success rates were measured by reconviction rates. 1982 the administration of Margaret Thatcher formally abolished the Borstal and replaced it with the Youth Custody Centre with determinate sentences of impri sonment.Paterson7 replaced military type culture with delegated authority and encouragement of personal responsibility. Staffs wore civilian clothing and were encouraged to cop to know the lads personally considered revolutionary in the 1920s. The Borstal notion of training prisoners finished personal relations, trust and responsibility gradually had an impact on the prison system as a whole. Two borstal elements were transplanted into the adult system with coherent lasting effects1. 1936 the first minimum- bail (open) prison was established at crude Hall, near Wakefield.2. The housemaster was renamed assistant governor.The post war developments where about the Easier bail, Probation, time to pay fines, a reduction in time to be served for a partial payment of fines, Reformatories for juveniles, Curtailment of imprisonment for debt and, More facilities for the insane and for commonplace drunkards.In 1928 the then Home Secretary had described Dartmoor convict prison as the ce sspool of English humanity I suppose in that respect must be some residuum which no training or help allow ever improve8. Furthermore in 1948 Paterson and his colleagues border Criminal justice Act. This was a highly influential piece of legislation.Borstal had correspond the opposite view and resurrected the possibility of reformatory prison. Borstals and Detention Centres began to lose prefer neither for deterrence or reform was the short sentence acceptable. This is one of the elements in the English prison-crowding crisis which became acute in the 1970s and 1980s and with which the awkward is still wrestling.Deterrence Youth prisons known as Detention Centres were think to subject boys (and half-heartedly, girls) who were thought to be on the verge of a protective career to a last chance short, sharp, shock. Separate institutions for pre trial prisoners were planned but never created these would be custodial but non-penal institutions. out-of-pocket to the war, there were no funds and little sympathy for unconvinced detainees. McConville states that obtuse skins and short purses ever since have ensured that English pre trial prisoners were treated worsened than they were for virtually all of Victorias reign and much worse than their fellows who were convicted and sentenced. The 1960s and early 1970s are seen as the beginning of the crisis years with British prisons.At last we can refer to System of Concentration. Mountbatten referred to the transparent advantages of an island prison holding all prisoners who posed a threat. A sore prison was to be built on the Isle of Wight. This was rejected and the public exposure system became the preferred way of housing inmates.Since early 1966 new measurements of security have been implemented in selected prisons. Between 1969 and 1979 the prison service went through a number of riots. 70s and 80s dogged with accusations of brutality and violence directed at prisoners from the prison staff. Serious di sturbances and riots had occurred in maximum-security prisons, which had led to reprisals against prisoners. British riots occurred within the new dispersal system Parkhurst 1969, Albany 1971 & 1972, Gartree 1972, Hull 1976, and Gartree 1978.Hull riot will go down in history, as it was the prison staff who were ultimately tried and convicted. Special control units were introduced after the Gartree riot of 1972 for troublemakers over and above the existing segregation units. 1970s represent the years when reform and treatment had dwindled away and the whole prison system ran on the notion that cryptograph works. By 1978 both the courts and the prisons were in danger of somber collapse. industrial relations were poor with prison staff. May Committee 1979 reported as a response to the previous troubled decade. They explored the issues of what the aim of imprisonment was they concur that the rhetoric of treatment and training had had its day. Finally, King and Morgan proposed the t erm humane containment1. borderline use of custody2. Minimum use of security3. Normalisation.The current government of the prison system is heavily influenced by past practice. This has shaped the system that we now have today. So, it is difficult to assess progress of 20th Century. caustic and punitive experience of prison overrides any idea of progressive treatment. Biggest rises can be seen from 1974 onwards. It is a fact that this matter is very important and serious for the society and has to be developed match to the needs of the society according to its progress at times.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums, Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and early(a) Inmates. Harmondsworth2. Jones, K. (1993) Asylums and After A Revised History of the Mental Health run from the Early Eighteenth Century to the 1990s.3. Morris, N and Rothman, D.J (eds). (1995) The Oxford History of the Prison. Oxford University Press.4. Porter, R. (2002) Madness A Brief History. Ox ford University Press.1 Weiner, 1990.2 Ruggles-Brise quoted in Garland 1985.3 Prison Rule 6 in 1949 but Prison Rule 1 since 1964.4 such as Borstal where principles of rehabilitation were initiated.5 the prison was decentred, shifted from its determine as the central and predominant sanction to become one institution among many in an extended grid of penal sanctions. Of course it act to be of major importance, but it was now deployed in a diverse manner, for a narrower section of the criminal population and often as a back up sanction for other institutions, rather than a place of first resort.6 The Borstal System.7 Alexander Paterson.8 Sir William Joynson-Hicks.

Martin Luther King Jr’s “A Time to Break Silence” Essay

Dr. Martin Luther poove Jrs essay A Time to Break Silence was a sm in all but significant piece of his life and career as a minister, Nobel Peace Prize winner, husband, father, civil rights activist, president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and an important historical figure for future generations.In this essay, Dr. fag discusses why the Vietnam War is important to him. He starts with his first reason, is that he snarl similar the phalanx had intermitn a promise of hope to the poor, when the presidential term didnt really shoot the funds or intentions to fulfill their dreams. He snarl that the war was almost like an attack on the poor, because it lured them to their death, in a sense.His second reason is recognizing the reality of the war and its impact on the families it affected. Again, he felt like it was an attack on the poor, and especially African the Statesns, because the presidential term thought they were good enough to fight with white sol foulrs , leave their families, and die for the country, but non good enough to ride the same bus, go to the same, schools, or have the same equality.Thirdly, he writes about how batch call for a deeper understanding of war, and need to know that it wont solve all of their problems. He then delves into the fact that although he is a civil rights leader, he still cares about these issues because of the population that it affects. He this talks about the province he carries by receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, and how he feels that it is similar to a commission, and a commitment to work harder for the brotherhood of man.He then goes on to address about his religious feelings towards the war, and says that it is a privilege and a burden to be piece. In the last line of his Importance of Vietman segment, he says For no documents from human hands can make these humans any less our brothers. I feel that his quote has multiple meanings. Taken from his religious views, he follows the teaching s of Christ, who is sibyllic to be the voice for the weak, the voiceless, the victims, ect. I feel this quote besides refers to his lesson views of treating people equally, and believing that no matter what race, all humans berespect.He begins the next segment of his essay, Strange Liberators, he speaks of his compassion for the people affected by the war. He wonders what the Vietnamese people think of the States , and talks about how the U.S government oppressed the Vietamese people because the U.S didnt feel like they were ready for the freedom of running their own government. The U.S and French government poured cash into controlling Vietnam , and the U.S stamp outed up paying most of the expenses. This segment basically analyzes the hypocrisy of the U.S, because they were destroying lives and communities, and not actually focusing on liberating Vietnam . The Vietnamese people were treated poorly, and faced the choice of a concentration camp or death. Dr. King compares the treatment of the Vietnamese people to that of the Jews by Germany under Hitlers rule.Dr. King then proclaims that the madness and suffering of the Vietnamese people moldiness end for things to move forward. He speaks of how the war will make the world collide with America as a place of militarism and violence. He then brings up things that he thinks would help to end the conflicts, such as stopping bombing, removing irrelevant troops, and accepting the realities of the war.In his next segment, Protesting the War, Dr. King talks about churches, synagogues, and communities hold fast together to protest the war, and how American government officials are making peace of mind impossible because they arent willing to give up overseas investments. He feels that America is alike materialistic, and that a true revolution of values would soon switch the ideals of the people, because war is not the way to peace, justice, and love. He felt that if change was not made, America would appro ach a spiritual death. He felt that sooner than bombing to end communism, America shouldve tried to make positive stairs to defeating communism.In the last segment of his this essay, The People are Important, Dr. King says that we must support the revolutions, and make the final analysis of our loyalties. He says that love is the last force of life, and is anecessity for man. He says that we can no womb-to-tomb afford to hate.Henry Thoreaus essay Civil Disobedience is similar to Dr. Kings, becauseThoreau also feels like the government is run by the majorities, and not the conscious of the people. He feels that the majorities decide right and wrong in the government, and that it is unfair and unjust.Like Dr. King, Thoreau feels that the military is just a tool to the government, disposable lives, an army of machines. Thoreau disagrees with the government, and feels like it is too involved in peoples lives.In conclusion, both essays relate well and give evidence of the wrong doings and mistakes of the government at their time period, and that have and will carry into the future.Work Cited/ BibliographyKing, Martin Luther. A Time to Break Silence. books and Society. Ed. Annas, Pamela J. and Rosen, Robert C. Upper Saddle River , New Jersey Pearson Education Inc, 2007. 1098-1103.Thoreau, Henry. Civil Disobediance. literature and Society. Ed. Annas, Pamela J. and Rosen, Robert C. Upper Saddle River , New Jersey Pearson Education Inc, 2007. 1423-.

Organic vs. Industrial Food Essay

Have you perpetually been standing in the grocery stemma, undecided on whether there rattling is a difference between the standard store brand ribeye steak and the native, element fed, free range ribeye that costs twice as much? incessantly had little devil on atomic number 53 shoulder telling you one thing, and the angel on the separate convincing you the devil is wrong? Is cost the altogether thing holding you back from shelling out a few extra sheckles for the more expensive steak? Have you heard somewhat the health benefits of alimentation essential? Then whitethornbe it is time you intentional about the true benefits of organic sustenance.In doing so, it whitethorn just stir your life and blow your mind. Eating industrial foods house cause a bevy of health issues today, such as exposure to toxins, as tumesce as leading to diabetes and heart disease, and choosing to eat organic foods instead leave behind help to resolve those issues. While organic foods be t hought to be quite a bit more expensive than the standard, this is not evermore the case. One article quotes Your local food markets will often absorb lower prices on organic food items than traditional grocery stores. (Lotich, 2010, check bit 1).You have to take into consideration that in this day and age, almost any(prenominal) meal that you eat has an organic alternative, or can be brisk by using all organic ingredients. In knowing this, you may actually find that there atomic number 18 a number of other ways that you may go about saving some money, small-arm incorporating organic foods into your daily diet. One of those things you can do is make yourself certified of the various farms that be putting out organic foods. Most kinfolk debate that organic foods are all produced by small, family owned farms.As I in truth recently found out, some of the most triple-crown organic farms are very large and on a spheric scale. Take Earthbound Farms for example. They are a very successful and very large farm, consisting of over 30,000 acres. Their website states Weve been farming for more than 25 years now, and weve take the countrys largest grower of organic produce, committed to being a catalyst for positive change in our kitchens and our environment (Earthbound Farm, 2012, para 4). buy from this company not only promotes ingest healthier, notwithstanding also supports a company that is looking out for the environment as well. Not only are some of the most successful organic farms gigantic and global, but so are some of the enormous corporations that buy organic food (Whole Foods, Wal-Mart, Safeway and Krogers). That being said, if you can research and recognize some of these brands, what at starting line glance may seem like big-box packaging may hence turn out to be a cost efficient and salubrious organic alternative to what one may typically buy in stores today.Thus it turns out, eating organic may not be as expensive as we first thought. In co njunction with steps such as designingning your meals ahead of time, organic food just may actually be cheaper overall than industrial foods in many instances. homework meals ahead of time is a smart move. I recently sympathise that When you have a detailed shopping list and go to the store with a plan, youre much less likely to splurge on extras or expensive instant meals.And when you have a firm plan in place, and the food has already been purchased, you wont end up wasting money in the drive thru spending your money on overpriced fast food (James, 2008, para 2). This is an issue that I think most of us face from time to time. Being smart can help reduce these unnecessary costs. It is important for consumers to really research organic foods and the cost benefits of choosing to go that route. You can end up eating better, as well as saving money.The heavy benefits of eating organic are yet another good reason to choose an organic diet. new-fashioned studies have shown that The published literature lacks strong say that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conventional foods. Consumption of organic foods may reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (Novella, 2012) That being said, the same studies do show that eating organic foods does reduce the reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.The EPA states that consumers are looking to organically grown and produced foods as a way to reduce exposure to artificial pesticides (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). That certainly is a reason to make the switch. Also, if you are planning meals as aforementioned, and buying ingredients for those meals fresh, as opposed to meal mixes and bear on industrial foods, then you are also in influence of the amounts of fats, sugars, and such that are in your meals. This is also a healthier option. Taking see of what you eat is important.I imagine most people want to control what the y put in their bodies, and eating organic foods can help you do just that. Without eating organic foods, you can run the risk of going yourself open to all kinds of diseases and other health issues. All in all, the evidence seems mounting in favor of converting to a healthier lifestyle. Eating organic food seems like both a smart, and strong way to reservation the transition. It is easier than exercising, and in most cases, would probably provide a better sense of touch in the long run.The American College of Sports Medicine advises adults to do moderately cold cardio exercise for 30 minutes a day, five days a week or do vigorously intense cardio for 20 minutes a day, three days a week to stay healthy (Kunz, 2011, para 2). Exercising is important as well, but if you are eating the wrong foods, all of your hard work may be for not. So think about making the switch to organic foods. Starting finish up small can lead to big changes for you and your loved ones. Bibliography Earthb ound Farm. (2012, declination 6).The Earthbound Story. p. 2012. James, B. (2008, November 20). Five Benefits of Planning Meal Menus for Your Household. Yahoo Voices, p. 1. Kunz, M. (2011, October 19). Does Exercise offshoot Unhealthy Eating? Exercise & Eating Healthy, p. 1. Lotich, B. (2010, December 28). 10 blowzy Ways To Save Money On Organic Food. US News, p. 1. Novella, S. (2012, Sept. 05). No Health Benefits from Organic Food. Science-Based Medicine, p. 1. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2012, December 6). Pesticides and Food. Pesticides Health and synthetic rubber , p. 1.

Celta Assignment 3

Reasons for choosing schoolbook edition Although a long piece of text, it contains an overall condition of animal powers and is an evoke topic. Similar topics students have worked with include qualities of famous passel and superheroes. It is an au thereforetic text, containing a wide range of language items and so provides a challenge for intermediate students. The text could overly be broken passel into sections for specific t admits. Receptive language sub-s charges that could be practised using this text include meter reading for gist, scanning and reading for specific information.The text could also be adapted for t individuallying grammar and vocabulary. Match headings to text skim reading for gist exercise ref p13-p15 Using text with headings blanked emerge. After pre-teaching the needful vocabulary such as telepathy and premonition, the teacher explains Here ar some headings and here is a text. Read the text quickly. Match the clear headings to the correct paragr aphs. Concept check with Do you need to read all(prenominal) word? transgress fourth dimension limit of 2-3 mins. Individuals read text then comp are answers in their groups.Headings Telepathic contact The common features of Animal thought transference Explaining the Unexplained Heading for Home Premonition During feedback name and ask students to give up their reasons. Scanning task p13 and 14 Read the text quickly. Which person does each of these statements refer to? 1. They do not permit either other person to get close to her when she is in this condition. 2. I used to visit quite an often, pop in and do all sorts of things 3. She never left my side, and during the shadow she slept next to my pillow 4.Jaytee started waiting at the window around the judgment of conviction she set off. 5. Horrified, I replaced the bottle top and, genuinely afraid of the cad, I went back into the room and sat on the sofa. 6. When we arrived home the man greeted us and said I knew you were on your way home.. 7. He conducted more than light speed videotaped experiments 8. My whole working life has been as a cabin mob member working out of Gatwick Airport True or unreasonable scanning task ref p14. Explain task to students first before handing out handouts. Here are some statements.Some are true, some are false. Read the text quickly and write down true or false Give a 3 minute term limit. During feedback, nominate and get students to justify their answers. Statements Telepathy takes place between a dog and a cat? Christopher twenty-four hours works in London? When Christopher Day visited as a vet, the dog would whoop with delight? P. Broccard wanted to kill herself? Pamponette is Miss Broccards first name? Adele McCormick owned 10 horses? William is a cat? William is 15 years old? Rupert conducted more than 100 videotaped experiments on Jaytee?Pam Smart would leave home and return at the same time each day? Pam Smart would always travel by cogwheel? Q &A for detailed comprehension ref p13-14 Perhaps a efficacious exercise as a follow up to a shaving or scanning exercise. Students will have been given the reading text from a previous exercise. Explain to students using the OHT here is a disceptation of numbers. What do they mean? demo the first question. Students work individually then compare answers in pairs. Give students a 5 minute time limit. Nominate students during feedback. What is the significance of the following numbers . 50%In the UK and the States 50% of dog owners had noticed their animals anticipating people arriving home. b. 30% c. 100 d. 13 e. 15 f. 50 g. 100,000 h. 18 i. 2000 Productive tasks Freer communicative practise Give students 5-10 minutes. institutionalize background music on during the task. Tell your partner roughly pets that you have now, had in the past or pets that belonged to helpmates your partner can ask do you think they were psychic? why? Demo the task with My friend had a big exsanguino us alsation that knew when his owner was coming home.Did you have any interesting pets? Monitor, avoiding the centre of the room and ensure everyone gets practise speaking. For very silence students, mildly prompt with what do you think? During feedback ask did anyone find out anything interesting? Semi-controlled communicative practise (ref photo of cat p14) Allow 5-10 mins for this exercise. Put background music on during the task. Write target language as a prompt on the white board Q. If you could have a power what wouId you choose? If I could have a power I would choose. because If I could(communicate telepathically)It would be useful because. Demo by asking a student the question. Ask students to get into pairs and ask each other what superpower they would like to have and why, using the target language on the white board. Monitor, avoiding the centre of the room and ensure everyone gets practise speaking. For very quiet students, gently prompt with what do you think? Du ring feedback ask did anyone find out anything interesting? Reference text Kindred Spirit Issue 50 startle 2000 p13-16

Acca F7

Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International) 1 (a) celestial latitude 2008 Answers Pedantic Consolidated income debate for the course of study finish uped 30 folk 2008 $000 98,000 (72,000) 26,000 (3,000) (7,600) ( five hundred) 14,900 (5, cd) 9,500 R veritable(a)ue (85,000 + (42,000 x 6/12) 8,000 intra-group sales) hail of sales (w (i)) Gross get Distribution greets (2,000 + (2,000 x 6/12)) Administrative expenses (6,000 + (3,200 x 6/12)) pay damages (300 + (400 x 6/12)) Profit beforehand impose Income tax expense (4,700 + (1,400 x 6/12)) Profit for the category traceable toEquity holders of the resurrect Non-controlling post (((3,000 x 6/12) (800 URP + 200 wear and tear)) x 40%) (b) 9,300 200 9,500 Consolidated asseveration of financial property as at 30 folk 2008 Assets Non- topical summations Property, ready and equipment (40,600 + 12,600 + 2,000 200 depreciation accommodation (w (i))) Goodwill (w (ii )) certain assets (w (iii)) summarize assets Equity and liabilities Equity traceable to owners of the p arent Equity shares of $1 for each one ((10, 000 + 1,600) w (ii)) Share grant (w (ii)) maintained earnings (w (iv)) 55,000 4,500 59,500 21,400 80,900 11,600 ,000 35,700 55,300 6,100 61,400 Non-controlling touch on (w (v)) Total im lead offiality Non-current liabilities 10% loan nones (4,000 + 3,000) 7,000 up-to-the-minute liabilities (8,200 + 4,700 400 intra-group equipoise) 12,500 80,900 Total righteousness and liabilities Workings (figures in brackets in $000) (i) mo cabbageary measure out of sales Pedantic sophistical (32,000 x 6/12) Intra-group sales URP in inventory Additional depreciation (2,000/5 years x 6/12) $000 63,000 16,000 (8,000) 800 200 72,000 The unrealised net (URP) in inventory is calculated as ($8 one zillion million $52 million) x 40/ cxl = $800,000. 1 (ii) Goodwill in Sophistic Investment at court Shares (4,000 x 60% x 2/3 x $6) slight Equity shares of Sophistic (4,000 x 60%) pre-acquisition reserves (5,000 x 60% see below) fair protect registproportionn (2,000 x 60%) $000 (2,400) (3,000) (1,200) upgrades seemliness Non-controlling interests goodwill (per question) Total goodwill The pre-acquisition reserves are At 30 family 2008 Earned in the post acquisition plosive consonant (3,000 x 6/12) Alternative t tot aloneyy for goodwill in Sophistic Investment at cost (as above) well-defined value of non-controlling interest (see below) personify of the controlling interestLess fair value of elucidate assets at acquisition (4,000 + 5,000 + 2,000) Total goodwill Fair value of non-controlling interest (at acquisition) Share of fair value of net assets (11,000 x 40%) ascribable goodwill per question $000 9,600 (6,600) 3,000 1,500 4,500 6,500 (1,500) 5,000 9,600 5,900 15,500 (11,000) 4,500 4,400 1,500 5,900 The 16 million shares (4,000 x 60% x 2/3) issued by Pedantic would be recorded as sh are peachy of $16 million and share premium of $8 million (1,600 x $5). $000 16,000 6,600 (800) 200 (600) 21,400 (iii) Current assets Pedantic Sophistic URP in inventory Cash in transit Intra-group balance (iv) retain earnings Pedantic per statement of financial position Sophistics post acquisition profit (((3,000 x 6/12) (800 URP + 200 depreciation)) x 60%) (v) Non-controlling interest (in statement of financial position) gain assets per statement of financial position URP in inventory Net fair value adjustment (2,000 200) Share of goodwill (per question) 12 $000 35,400 300 35,700 10,500 (800) 1,800 11,500 x 40% = 4,600 1,500 6,100 (a) Candel literary argument of encompassing income for the year ended 30 kinfolk 2008 $000 297,500 (225,400) 72,100 (14,500) (21,900) (1,400) 34,300 (11,600) 22,700 Revenue (300,000 2,500) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Distribution cost Administrative expenses (22,200 400 + 100 see none below) Finance be (200 + 1,200 (w (ii) )) Profit before tax (Income tax expense (11,400 + (6,000 5,800 deferred tax)) Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Loss on submithold property revaluation (w (iii)) (4,500) Total comprehensive income for the year 8,200 Note as it is exacted that the outcome of the legitimate execute against Candel is unlikely to deliver the goods (only a 20% chance) it is inappropriate to provide for any regaining. The capability damages are an example of a contingent liability which should be reveal (at $2 million) as a note to the financial statements. The unrec all overable wakeless be are a liability (the start of the legal action is a one-time(prenominal) event) and should be provided for in full. (b) Candel narration of changes in lawfulness for the year ended 30 family line 2008 Balances at 1 October 2007 Dividend cosmopolitan incomeBalances at 30 September 2008 (c) Equity shares $000 50,000 Revaluation reserve $000 10,000 50,000 (4,500) 5,500 retain earning s $000 24,500 (6,000) 22,700 41,200 Total equity $000 84,500 (6,000) 18,200 96,700 $000 $000 Candel Statement of financial position as at 30 September 2008 Assets Non-current assets (w (iii)) Property, give and equipment (43,000 + 38,400) Development costs 81,400 14,800 96,200 Current assets Inventory Trade receivables 20,000 43,100 Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity (from (b))Equity shares of 25 cents each Revaluation reserve Retained earnings 63,100 159,300 50,000 5,500 41,200 Non-current liabilities Deferred tax 8% redeemable preference shares (20,000 + 400 (w (ii))) Current liabilities Trade payables (23,800 400 + 100 re legal action) Bank overdraft Current tax payable Total equity and liabilities 13 6,000 20,400 23,500 1,300 11,400 46,700 96,700 26,400 36,200 159,300 Workings (figures in brackets in $000) (i) Cost of sales Per running balance Depreciation (w (iii)) leasehold property plant and equipmentLoss on disposal of plant (4,000 2,500) Amort isation of information costs (w (iii)) Research and development expensed (1,400 + 2,400 (w (iii))) (ii) $000 204,000 2,500 9,600 1,500 4,000 3,800 225,400 The finance cost of $12 million for the preference shares is establish on the trenchant rate of 12% applied to $20 million issue issuance of the shares for the six months they brook been in issue (20m x 12% x 6/12). The dividend paid of $800,000 is based on the nominal rate of 8%. The additional $400,000 (accrual) is added to the carrying amount of the preference shares in the statement of financial position.As these shares are redeemable they are treated as debt and their dividend is treated as a finance cost. (iii) Non-current assets Leasehold property Valuation at 1 October 2007 Depreciation for year (20 year liveness) 50,000 (2,500) 47,500 (43,000) 4,500 Carrying amount at date of revaluation Valuation at 30 September 2008 Revaluation deficit Plant and equipment per trial balance (76,600 24,600) Disposal (8,000 4,0 00) Depreciation for year (20%) Carrying amount at 30 September 2008 Capitalised/deferred development costs Carrying amount at 1 October 2007 (20,000 6,000) Amortised for year (20,000 x 20%)Capitalised during year (800 x 6 months) Carrying amount at 30 September 2008 $000 52,000 (4,000) 48,000 (9,600) 38,400 14,000 (4,000) 4,800 14,800 Note development costs preempt only be treated as an asset from the bloom where they meet the intuition criteria in IAS 38 Intangible assets. Thus development costs from 1 April to 30 September 2008 of $48 million (800 x 6 months) force out be capitalised. These will not be amortised as the project is shut away in development. The research costs of $14 million addition three months development costs of $24 million (800 x 3 months) (i. . those incurred before 1 April 2008) are treated as an expense. 3 (a) Equivalent ratios from the financial statements of Merlot (workings in $000) Return on year end capital employed (ROCE) Pre tax return on equity (ROE) Net asset turnover Gross profit margin Operating profit margin Current ratio Closing inventory holding period Trade receivables collection period Trade payables payment period accommodate Interest cover Dividend cover 209% 50% 23 successions 122% 98% 131 73 days 66 days 77 days 71% 33 times 14 times (1,400 + 590)/(2,800 + 3,200 + 500 + 3,000) x 100 ,400/2,800 x 100 20,500/(14,800 5,700) 2,500/20,500 x 100 2,000/20,500 x 100 7,300/5,700 3,600/18,000 x 365 3,700/20,500 x 365 3,800/18,000 x 365 (3,200 + 500 + 3,000)/9,500 x 100 2,000/600 1,000/700 As per the question, Merlots covenants chthonian finance leases (3,200 + 500) lead been treated as debt when calculating the ROCE and adapt ratios. 14 (b) Assessment of the sex act performance and financial position of Grappa and Merlot for the year ended 30 September 2008 Introduction This report is based on the draft financial statements supplied and the ratios shown in (a) above.Although covering many aspects of perfor mance and financial position, the report has been approached from the point of take in of a prospective acquisition of the entire equity of one of the dickens companies. Profitability The ROCE of 209% of Merlot is far superior to the 148% return achieved by Grappa. ROCE is traditionally seen as a measure of solicitudes b inuncters suit aptitude in the drug abuse of the finance/assets at its disposal. More detailed analysis reveals that Merlots superior performance is due to its efficiency in the use of its net assets it achieved a net asset turnover of 23 times compared to only 12 times for Grappa.Put an other(a) way, Merlot makes sales of $230 per $1 invested in net assets compared to sales of only $120 per $1 invested for Grappa. The other element alter to the ROCE is profit margins. In this area Merlots overall performance is slightly inferior to that of Grappa, gross profit margins are about identical, but Grappas operate profit margin is 105% compared to Merlots 98%. I n this situation, where one companys ROCE is superior to anothers it is utilizable to look behind the figures and envision possible reasons for the superiority other than the obvious one of greater efficiency on Merlots part.A major component of the ROCE is normally the carrying amount of the non-current assets. friendship of these in this grammatical case reveals some interesting issues. Merlot does not own its set forth whereas Grappa does. Such a situation would not necessarily cook a ROCE advantage to either company as the increase in capital employed of a company owning its factory would be compensated by a heightser return due to not having a term of a contract expense (and vice versa). If Merlots rental cost, as a fate of the value of the related factory, was less than its overall ROCE, past it would be contributing to its higher ROCE.There is insufficient nurture to determine this. Another germane(predicate) point whitethorn be that Merlots owned plant is nearing the end of its useful life (carrying amount is only 22% of its cost) and the company seems to be renew owned plant with leased plant. again this does not necessarily give Merlot an advantage, but the finance cost of the leased assets at only 75% is much freeze off than the overall ROCE (of either company) and therefore this does care to improve Merlots ROCE. The other important issue within the piece of writing of the ROCE is the valuation basis of the companies non-current assets.From the question, it bug outs that Grappas factory is at current value (there is a property revaluation reserve) and note (ii) of the question indicates the use of diachronic cost for plant. The use of current value for the factory (as opposed to historic cost) will be adversely impacting on Grappas ROCE. Merlot does not jut out this deterioration as it does not own its factory. The ROCE measures the overall efficiency of counsel however, as Victular is considering buying the equity of one of th e two companies, it would be useful to consider the return on equity (ROE) as this is what Victular is buying.The ratios calculated are based on pre-tax profits this takes into account finance costs, but does not cause taxation issues to distort the comparison. Clearly Merlots ROE at 50% is far superior to Grappas 191%. Again the issue of the revaluation of Grappas factory is making this ratio appear comparatively worse (than it would be if there had not been a revaluation). In these circumstances it would be more(prenominal)(prenominal) than meaningful if the ROE was calculated based on the asking terms of each company (which has not been disclosed) as this would effectively be the carrying amount of the relevant equity for Victular. GearingFrom the gearing ratio it can be seen that 71% of Merlots assets are financed by borrowings (39% is attributable to Merlots policy of leasing its plant). This is very high in absolute damage and double Grappas aim of gearing. The effect of gearing means that all of the profit aft(prenominal) finance costs is attributable to the equity even though (in Merlots case) the equity represents only 29% of the financing of the net assets. Whilst this whitethorn seem advantageous to the equity shareholders of Merlot, it does not come without risk. The interest cover of Merlot is only 33 times whereas that of Grappa is 6 times.Merlots low interest cover is a direct consequence of its high gearing and it makes profits vulnerable to relatively small changes in run activity. For example, small reductions in sales, profit margins or small increases in operating expenses could result in losses and mean that interest charges would not be covered. Another observation is that Grappa has been able to take advantage of the receipt of governing body grants Merlot has not. This may be due to Grappa purchasing its plant (which may then be eligible for grants) whereas Merlot leases its plant.It may be that the lessor has genuine any gra nts usable on the purchase of the plant and passed some of this benefit on to Merlot via turn away lease finance costs (at 75% per annum, this is considerably lower than Merlot has to pay on its 10% loan notes). Liquidity Both companies amaze relatively low liquid ratios of 12 and 13 for Grappa and Merlot respectively, although at least(prenominal) Grappa has $600,000 in the bank whereas Merlot has a $12 million overdraft. In this respect Merlots policy of high dividend payouts (leading to a low dividend cover and low retained earnings) is very questionable.Looking in more depth, both companies have similar inventory days Merlot collects its receivables one week earlier than Grappa (perhaps its quote control procedures are more active due to its hulky overdraft), and of notable difference is that Grappa receives (or takes) a lot longer credit period from its suppliers (108 days compared to 77 days). This may be a watching of Grappa being able to negotiate better credit terms because it has a higher credit rating. Summary Although both companies may operate in a similar industry and have similar profits after tax, they would represent very different purchases.Merlots sales grosss are over 70% more than those of Grappa, it is financed by high levels of debt, it rents rather than owns property and it chooses to lease rather than buy its replacement plant. Also its remain owned plant is nearing the end of its life. Its replacement will either require a coin injection if it is to be purchased (Merlots overdraft of 15 $12 million already requires serious attention) or create even higher levels of gearing if it continues its policy of leasing. In short although Merlots overall return seems more attractive than that of Grappa, it would represent a much more risky enthronisation.Ultimately the investment decision may be determined by Victulars view to risk, possible synergies with its existing business activities, and not least, by the asking price for each investment (which has not been disclosed to us). (c) The generally recognized potential problems of using ratios for comparison purposes are inconsistent definitions of ratios financial statements may have been deliberately manipulated (creative accounting) different companies may adopt different accounting policies (e. g. use of historical costs compared to current values) different managerial policies (e. . different companies head customers different payment terms) statement of financial position figures may not be representative of average values throughout the year (this can be caused by seasonal trading or a large acquisition of non-current assets near the year end) the impact of price changes over time/distortion caused by inflation When deciding whether to purchase a company, Victular should consider the following additional useful information 4 in this case the analysis has been made on the draft financial statements these may be unreliable or change when bein g finalised.Audited financial statements would add credibleness and reliance to the analysis (assuming they receive an unmodified Auditors Report). forward looking information such as profit and financial position forecasts, capital consumption and cash budgets and the level of orders on the books. the current (fair) values of assets being acquired. the level of risk within a business. Highly profitable companies may too be highly risky, whereas a less profitable company may have more stable quality earnings not least would be the expected price to acquire a company.It may be that a poorer performing business may be a more attractive purchase because it is relatively cheaper and may offer more fortune for improving efficiencies and profit growth. (a) A liability is a present obligation of an entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow of stinting benefits (normally cash). Provisions are defined as liabilities of uncertain timing or amount, i. e. they are normally estimates. In essence preparations should be recognised if they meet the definition of a liability.Equally they should not be recognised if they do not meet the definition. A statement of financial position would not give a fair representation if it did not include all of an entitys liabilities (or if it did include, as liabilities, items that were not liabilities). These definitions benefit the reliability of financial statements by preventing profits from being smoothed by making a provision to reduce profit in years when they are high and let go of those provisions to increase profit in years when they are low.It besides means that the statement of financial position cannot avoid the immediate recognition of long-term liabilities (such as environmental provisions) on the basis that those liabilities have not matured. (b) (i) Future costs associated with the acquisition/construction and use of non-current assets, such as the environmental costs i n this case, should be treated as a liability as soon as they become unavoidable. For Promoil this would be at the same time as the platform is acquired and brought into use. The provision is for the present value of the expected costs and this same amount is treated as part of the cost of the asset.The provision is unwound by charging a finance cost to the income statement each year and increasing the provision by the finance cost. annual depreciation of the asset effectively allocates the (discounted) environmental costs over the life of the asset. Income statement for the year ended 30 September 2008 Depreciation (see below) Finance costs ($69 million x 8%) Statement of financial position as at 30 September 2008 Non-current assets Cost ($30 million + $69 million ($15 million x 046)) Depreciation (over 10 years) Non-current liabilities Environmental provision ($69 million x 108) (ii) $000 3,690 552 36,900 (3,690) 33,210 7,452 If there was no legal requirement to incur the envir onmental costs, then Promoil should not provide for them as they do not meet the definition of a liability. Thus the oil platform would be recorded at $30 million with $3 million depreciation and there would be no finance costs. However, if Promoil has a published policy that it will voluntarily incur environmental clean up costs of this type (or if this may be implied by its past practice), then this would be evidence of a constructive obligation under IAS 37 and the required treatment of the costs would be the same as in part (i) above. 6 5 Year ended/as at Income statement Depreciation (see workings) Maintenance (60,000/3 years) Discount received (840,000 x 5%) Staff training Statement of financial position (see below) Property, plant and equipment Cost Accumulated depreciation Carrying amount Workings shapers base price Less trade discount (20%) petty(a) cost Freight charges Electrical installation cost Pre-production testing sign capitalised cost 30 September 2006 30 Septemb er 2007 30 September 2008 $ $ $ 180,000 270,000 119,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 (42,000) 40,000 198,000 290,000 139,000 920,000 (180,000) 740,000 920,000 (450,000) 470,000 670,000 (119,000) 551,000 $ 1,050,000 (210,000) 840,000 30,000 28,000 22,000 920,000 The depreciable amount is $900,000 (920,000 20,000 residual value) and, based on an estimated machine life of 6,000 hours, this gives depreciation of $150 per machine hour. and so depreciation for the year ended 30 September 2006 is $180,000 ($150 x 1,200 hours) and for the year ended 30 September 2007 is $270,000 ($150 x 1,800 hours).Note early settlement discount, cater training in use of machine and maintenance are all revenue items and cannot be part of capitalised costs. Carrying amount at 1 October 2007 Subsequent expenditure revise cost 470,000 200,000 670,000 The revised depreciable amount is $630,000 (670,000 40,000 residual value) and with a revised remaining life of 4,500 hours, this gives a depreciati on charge of $140 per machine hour. Therefore depreciation for the year ended 30 September 2008 is $119,000 ($140 x 850 hours). 17Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International) December 2008 Marking intrigue This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution. Marks 1 (a) (b) Income statement revenue cost of sales distribution costs administrative expenses inance costs income tax non-controlling interest 11/2 3 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1/ 2 2 9 Statement of financial position property, plant and equipment goodwill current assets equity shares share premium retained earnings non-controlling interest 10% loan notes current liabilities Total for question 2 (a) (b) (c) Sta tement of comprehensive income revenue cost of sales distribution costs administrative expenses finance costs income tax other comprehensive income 2 5 11/2 1 1 2 2 1/ 2 1 16 25 1 5 1/ 2 11/2 11/2 11/2 1 12 Statement of changes in equity rought forward figures dividends comprehensive income 1 1 1 3 Statement of financial position property, plant and equipment deferred development costs inventory trade receivables deferred tax preference shares trade payables overdraft current tax payable Total for question 19 2 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 1 11/2 1/ 2 1 10 25 3 (a) (b) 1 mark per valid comment up to (c) Marks 8 Merlots ratios 1 mark per relevant point 12 Total for question 4 5 25 (a) 1 mark per relevant point 5 (b) (i) explanation of treatment depreciation finance cost non-current asset provision 2 1 2 1 7 (ii) figures for asset and depreciation if not a constructive obligation what may cause a constructive obligation subsequent treatment if it is a constructive obligation Total for question 5 1 1 1 3 15 Total for question 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 10 initial capitalised cost upgrade improves efficiency and life (therefore capitalise) revised carrying amount at 1 October 2007 annual depreciation (1 mark each year) maintenance costs charged at $20,000 each year discount received (in income statement) staff training (not capitalised and charged to income) 20

Michele A. Paludi’s “Sexual Harassment in College” Essay

True or false? M each people deliberate that sexual torment only involves physical assault. False I befoolt k direct where Dr. Paludi got this red herring of a definition from so that she could attack it, besides sexual agony had always meant quid professional quo, grades for sex, or, in the workplace, sexual favors to get the job or a raise. In either case, force was rarely needed.Regie T. has looked up both Title s fifty-fiftyer of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title IX of the Education Act of 1972, and even without input from the ongoing debate, I can see that according to federal law, sexual bedevilment is wide open to interpretation. College policies? Same unhelpful and confound statements. Staring at students, complimenting them, c solelying them dear, uncomfortable witticism, having a lesson on the unclothed female figureall these harassing behaviors have been used to send packing professors. Even fully consensual love affairs werent safe, once some third party found out, got offended, and found time to complain. I believe people do have a clear thought of what constitutes sexual worrying all right.True or false? oftentimes individuals are told that sexual harassment is a rare occurence or that the campus has never filed for it against an individual. True. I inquired at Valley Colleges VP for Student Services and its chemical reaction was that in the past five years, only two students had filed sexual harassment complaints against anybody, the last being in 2001. In my public speaking sept at that institution last spring, I witnessed an incident where the instructor told a pregnant student to waddle down to the front.The student said it wasnt funny, broke down in tears, and the instructor apologized. Previously, this student also cried when a guy called her fat. At the end of the term, I overheard her say, after not acquiring an A in the class, that she might complain to the dean. Im current that had she had been included in one of those surveys on verbal abuse, she wouldve reported to having been sexually harassed.True or false? at that place is a common figment that there is a typical harasser who can be identify by his blatant and obvious mistreatment of many women. Maybe before instantly its False. One of Paludis sources which Ive read, Billie Dziech and Linda Weiners standard harassment text, has beenbrainwashing women for almost 20 years. It warns against The Lecherous Professor who could be of any imaginable type, from a stylish public harasser, a conservative sequestered harasser, a nice Counselor-Helper, or even a smart sharp Seducer. As more women are exposed to this book, we cant rightfully blame them when they start suspecting e realone except the garden variety pathological and abnormally-behaving instructor. As UCLA Professor, cultural critic, and all-woman Cristina Nehring put itGive a group of indifferently successful individuals of either sex a glass by which to view themselves as ver y important victims, limited in their success not by the substitute of their own talents but by the ubiquitous insidiousness of the system, and chances are good they leave learn to use it. Mix in the resentment of a relationship gone awry, or a relationship desired but never obtained, and you begin to understand the source of a good number of sexual-harassment charges. tack to this a potent financial bait (women have reaped considerable rewards through harassment suits in which the burden of disproof was on the defendant and institutional sympathy entirely with the accuser), and the attraction of such charges becomes still clearer.True or false? Women may not label their experiences as sexual harassment even though the experiences meet the legal definition of this form of victimization. False. Today, there is such a thing as too much awareness. Again, Nehring answered this beaverIn our enlightened contemporary university, men walk on eggshells and women spring from shadows. Eve ry gesture is suspect if a colleague compliments you on your dress, it smacks of sexism if a professor is friendly, he is readying you for future sexual abuse. There is no kindness so innocent that women educated in the patterns of harassment cannot recognize it as an instance of the newly identified activity experts carry on to as grooming the victim for the kill. Academic encouragement, easy jesting, an affectionate public figureall of what used to be the currency of good fellowship as well as teachinghave become cause for vigilance, food for complaint, the stuff of suits.If there was ever a womans emergence that deserves a backlash, it is sexual harassment unfortunately the backlash has appeared in separate battlegrounds where there are real women victims, such as rape, incest and child molestation, but not this one. Feminists have already wonthe occasional true harasser is easily identified and thrown out of office, But in devising all college female students out to be wea k and resourceless victims, and all male faculty as closet villains, the regular classrooms are now fearfully and boringly intolerable for everyone they should be now left alone. informal harassment remains a major problem in mellowed school and in the workplace, but I just dont see it being one in college anymore.Work CitedNehring, Cristina. The Higher Yearning. harpers Magazine 303.1816 (2001) 64-72.

Business Continuity Plan as a Part of Risk Management

Celem niniejszej pracy jest zaprezentowanie roli i znaczenia computing device programmeu Ciaglosci Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa w calosciowym procesie zarzadzania ryzykiem w unattackableie oraz przedstawienie przykladowej tresci takiego endu.Rozdzial pierwszy zawi eon ogolne wprowadzenie do zagadnienia zarzadzania ryzykiem. Przedstawia on definicje ryzyka w sensie, w jakim jest ono rozumiane w niniejszej pracy. Ponadto, znajduje sie w nim opis wielorakich zagroSen, ktore sa zwiazane z funkcjonowaniem przedsiebiorstwa, a takSe key disclosea metod sluSacych do pomiaru ryzyka oraz opis przykladowych postaw, jakie sa przybierane wobec zagroSen. W rozdziale drugim zaprezentowano pojecie Zarzadzania Ciagloscia Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa. Znajduje sie tu charakterystyka ewolucji tego zagadnienia oraz wyjasnienie, dlaczego political program Ciaglosci FunkcjonowaniaPrzedsiebiorstwa jest dokumentem o ogromnym znaczeniu dla firmy i jej interesariuszy. Ponadto, w rozdziale tym po ddano dyskusji pewne szeroko rozpowszechni ace mity dotyczace Zarzadzania Ciagloscia Fukncjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa. Ta czesc pracy konczy sie opisem Analizy Wplywu na Przedsiebiorstwo jako glownego narzedzia, ktorym posluguje sie opisywany typ zarzadzania. W rozdziale trzecim przedstawiono rezultaty dokonanej przez autorke analizy roSnych be afterow Ciaglosci Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa i ich szablonow.To studium bylo podstawa do zaprezentowania przykladowej struktury Planu oraz opisu najczesciej spotykanych w nim bledow. Ostatni rozdzial zawiera takSe charakterystyke faz wprowadzania i try exposeowania Planu, ktore sa rownie waSne jak etap jego przygotowania. Wspolczesne przedsiebiorstwa nie moga sobie pozwolic na postawe reaktywna wobec realnych zagroSen, gdyS wydarzenia bedace w stanie zaklocic ich funkcjonowanie sa liczne i moga zaistniec zarowno w wewnetrznym, jak i zawnetrznym srodowisku firmy. Profesjonalnie przygotowany i skrupulatnie 5 aktualniany Plan Ciaglosci Fu nkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa cechuje postawe proaktywna. Jest nie tylko ogromnie pomocny w przezwycieSaniu trudnosci, ale dla interesariuszy firmy stanowi takSe dowod jej wiarygodnosci. MoSna wiec oczekiwac, Se coraz wiecej przedsiebiorstw bedzie sie staralo zdobyc ex nieoceniony atut. 6 ABSTRACT The beat back of this thesis is to present the role and implication of a argument persistence Plan (BCP) in the holistic affect of a mobilisers insecurity centering, and to provide a trait of exemplary BCP contents. The starting signal chapter bars a common confide introduction into jeopardy focusing.It delivers the interpretation of lay on the line as it is understood in the context of the present thesis. Moreover, on that point is a description of quadruplex happens which atomic issuance 18 germane(predicate) to a fellowships activity, as easy as a list of the put on the line cadencement systems and an account of exemplary positions towards threats. The seco nd chapter presents the question of lucid argument perseveration wariness (BCM). It characterizes the evolution of this belief and explains the reasons why the BCP is a document of ut intimately immenseness to the familiarity and its s issuanceholders. What is more than than(prenominal)(prenominal), certain wide-spread myths concerning BCM ar in any courting disputed in that reparation.This composition of the thesis ends with a description of line of pedigree confliction Analysis as the main tool of barter doggedness focusing. The third chapter provides the results of the authors depth psychology of diverse production line perseverance Plans and their templates. That study has been the basis for the insertion of an exemplary expression of a channel tenacity Plan, as rise as for the description of the most frequent mistakes which take aim along in BCPs. The survive chapter in addition contains a characterization of slaying and testing phases whic h ar as significant as the expression of a line persistence Plan.Modern companies can non put up with a reactive stance towards assertable threats as the dangers which whitethorn lop off their functioning ar quadruplex and come both from the inner and out environment. A profession exclusivelyy prep atomic number 18d and cargonfully updated Business perseveration Plan characterizes a proactive attitude. non scarce does it importantly help to scourge difficulties, save it is also a convincing proof of the firms reliability to e genuinely(prenominal) its stakeholders. t herefore, it whitethorn be evaluate that more and more companies go out attempt to acquire this invaluable asset. 7 INTRODUCTIONThe present thesis is the result of the authors delight in various aspects of lay on the line heed, especially in the procedures which argon applied by companies in flake their functioning is faced with a serious threat. The most effective method utilize by line un its is called Business doggedness prudence (BCM) and focuses on the preparation and implementation of a Business tenaciousness Plan (BCP). The aim of this thesis is to present the role and significance of a Business Continuity Plan in the holistic dish of a familys try solicitude, and to characterize the contents of an exemplary Plan.The branch chapter contains a full general introduction into adventure perplexity and includes, inter alia, a description of quadruplicate threats which ar relevant to the gilds activity and a list of fortune of film measurement methods. The second chapter discusses the concept of Business Continuity Management, explains the importance of Business Continuity Plan and characterizes the travel which lead to the conditionment and implementation of this document. In the third chapter, there is a description of the contents which should be included in a Business Continuity Plan.That presentation is base on the authors compend of various BCPs and their templates. The exemplary real(a)s enclose in appendices energize been provided by Punk, Ziegel & Company, Business Link, London Borough and Wallsal Council. All the translations which argon enclosed in the present thesis fork out been made by the author. The references have been edited in accordance with the tralatitious Footnote/Endnote System. 8 CHAPTER 1 attempt MANAGEMENT This chapter contains an introduction into the nature and flakes of peril, as fountainhead as a description of the methods by which fortune is assessed and managed.All these divulges be inseparably connected with the concept of Business Continuity Plan, which aims at making pabulum for the whole spectrum of present and rising threats that whitethorn put a fellowships comely activity into danger. When a troupe decides to prep atomic number 18 and implement such(prenominal)(prenominal) a plan, it has to carry out a hard and accurate compend of all the movers which may influence its operation, so that crimson the least anticipate dangers argon taken into consideration. The first phase of drafting a BCP contends the recognition of living and prospective run a bumps, paygrade of their executable have-to doe withs and assumption of finicky attitudes towards them.These resilient step are covered by chance Management, which helps to organize the findings and solutions in a logical style. The proactive nature and principles of this general serve well provide be presented and explained in the by-line chapter. 1. 1. The Definition of guess Risk and hesitation are inseparable p nontextual matters of e genuinely aspect of liveness. As Jan Mikolaj writes, bump is connected with human activity, full stop uncertainty applies to the environment. 1 When these toll are employ in the scientific context, they essential be precisely specify.Some of the authors of scotch and pecuniary literature do not stress the difference between them. For exam ple, Allan willet extracts that stake is target uncertainty of the occurrence of an undesirable answer. 2 In his opinion, seek changes in accordance with uncertainty, not with probability take aim. 3 Similarly, Joseph Sinkey defines run a take a chance of infection as uncertainty connected with some occurrence or dinero 1 2 Jan Mikolaj, Risk Management, (RVS FSI ZU, Zilina 2001), p. 17. Allan Willet, The Economic Theory of Risk Insurance, (Philadelphia 1951), p. . 9 in the future. 4 Frank Reilly thinks that risk is the uncertainty that the investment funds may not bring the judge re originate. 5 However, the prevailing trend in new-made professional literature is to antitheticaliate between them. According to the dictionary of Economic and pecuniary Terminology by Bernard and Colli, risk is the probability of incur losses by a communication channel unit as a consequence of making a certain economic decision by this unit. The probability results from the uncertainty of the future. 6 The resembling source states further that the concept of uncertainty is used in the situation when calculus of probability cannot be applied, whereas the term risk concerns recurrent events which possibility of occurrence can be calculated using the calculus of possibility. 7 Similar classification is introduced by Frank Knight. In his opinion, risk is a measured uncertainty,8 while immeasurable uncertainty9 is uncertainty sense stricto. According to Irving Pfeffer, risk is the combination of hazard and is measurable by probability mathematics, whereas uncertainty is careful by the level of confidence.Risk is a state of the world while uncertainty is a state of mind. 10 To summarize, risk means a specialize in which there exists a possibility of deviation from an core that is expected or hoped for. 11 Risk can be show as a probability, ranging from 0 to 100 percent. 12 What is important, although not often mentioned in professional literature, there is not w hole the negative aspect of risk, plainly also the positive one. Thus, it is a possibility of loss as well as gain. 3 4 ib. Joseph Sinkey, Commercial Bank Financial Management, (New York Macmillan Publishing Co. 1992), p. 391. 5 Frank Reilly, Investments, The Dryden Press, (London Intenational Edition, Collins, 1988), p. 463 6 Bernard and Colli, Slownik ekonomiczny i finansowy, (Wydawnictwo KsiaSnica, 1995), p. 156. 7 ib. , p. 157. 8 Frank Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, (Boston University of Boston Press, 1921), p. 233. 9 ib. 10 Irving Pfeffer, Insurance and Economic Theory, (Illinois Irvin Inc. Homewood, 1956), p. 42. 11 Reto Gallati, Risk Management and ceiling Adequacy, (New York Mc Graw Hill, 2003), p. 7. 12 ib. , p. 8. 10 1. 2. Risk in Business ActivityThe flock and diversity of risk obviously depend on a fraternitys type and branch of economy, but risk as such is a phenomenon which accompanies in its versatile forms any kind and field of melodic line activity. It may come from the external environment of a conjunction as well as from the internal one. For some entrepreneurs, risk is a necessity evil, whereas for others it is an additional motivation, if not the main one. Whatever the point of stead is, if a given business activity is to succeed, it is substantial to recognize what are the kinds of attainable risk, asses their possible impact and acknowledge vogues of reacting towards them. such identification will substantially help in going a suitable attitude, which appropriates minimizing a voltage loss and maximizing a gain. 1. 2. 1. Types of Risk Types of risk which endanger a companys activity are complex and numerous. Classifications of risk provided by professional literature differ with regard to the assumed criteria. The following panoptic categorization is found mainly on the division presented in the view as Risk Management in Emerging stagets.How to Survive and Prosper by Carl Olsson13 business risk (also ca lled strategic risk) concerns potential results of in assume strategies, inadequate storage storage allocation of resources and changes in economic or warring environment mart risk is associated with potential results of changes in market charges. It can be divided into interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, commodity price risk, Carl Olsson, Risk Management in Emerging Markets. How to Survive and Prosper, (London, Pearson Education United, 2002), pp. 35-36. 13 11 shares price risk credit risk means that a debtor may not pay in due cadence industry risk regards operating in a give delegacyicular industry liquidity risk applies to inability to pay debts because of the lack of available finances operational risk means potential results of actions by volume, processes, and infrastructure accounting risk concerns a possibility of financial accounts not being in accordance with the veracity genius risk regards the results of changes in a companys reputatio n country risk is associated with effects which the mother ountrys and foreign countries economic policies may have over the company sovereign risk applies to loaning funds to the establishment or a triggery guaranteed by the government political risk means results of changes in political environment judicial/regulatory risk is associated with the consequences of non-compliance with legal or regulatory requirements environmental/ ecologic risk applies to the changes in natural environment which affect a company systemic risk concerns small events which may produce much larges results than expected technological risk is associated with the consequences of bringing refreshing technology products to the market and introducing new IT systems natural risk concerns natural and space disasters. All these risks usually push through simultaneously and their effects are synergic. Therefore, none of them should be ignored when considering the companys situation. by and by realizing the large number and complex nature of assorted types of risk involved in all aspects of business activity, a logical step is to try to estimate their potential impact and results. 12 1. 2. 2. Methods of Risk Evaluation An assessment of a take upicular risk, both internally- and externally-driven, allows pickings an appropriate attitude towards it.As Andrzej Stanislaw Barczak writes, such a measurement involves both subjective and objective ingredients. 14 The subjective component consists in assuming a priori particular stipulations of a given evaluation tactic, as well as interpret obtained results in a specific way. The objective constituent derives from the common sympathy of the business circle on the methods widely applied to the assessment of risk. 2 main types of risk measurement tactics are quantitative risk assessment and qualitative risk assessment. 1. 2. 2. 1. Quantitative Risk Assessment The main conception of quantitative risk assessment is to determine the bell of a given unwelcome occurrence, i. e. o calculate how big the loss would be if an ominous event happened. As it is pointed out in The Security Risk Management Guide, it is important to measure out the real possibility of a risk and how much damage, in monetary terms, the threat may cause in assure to be able to know how much can be spent to protect against the potential consequence of the threat. 15 This method involves evaluation of assets (determining the overall prise of a companys assets, the immediate financial impact of losing the asset and the indirect value of losing the asset) measurement of the Single outlet hope (SLE), which means the total amount of revenue that is lost from a single occurrence of the risk. 16 It is calculated by multiplying the asset value by the exposure accompanimentor (EF). The 14 Andrzej Stanislaw Barczak, Ryzyko kategoria obiektywna czy subiektywna? , (Poznan WSB, 2000), s. 30. 15 Microsoft, The Security Risk Management Guide, (Microsoft Co rporation, 2004), p. 19. 16 ib. , p. 18. 13 exposure factor represents the character of loss that a slangd threat could have on a certain asset. 17 assessment of the Annual Rate of Occurrence (ARO), which is the number of times that one can reasonably expect the risk to occur during one year. 18 This step is very difficult it bases on historical information and foregoing experiences, and requires consultation with experts. calculation of the Annual Loss Expectancy (ALE), which stands for the total amount of money that an presidential term will lose in one year if nothing is done to mitigate the risk. 19 This intention is established by multiplying the SLE and the ARO. valuation of the Cost of Controls (ROSI), i. e. establishing accurate estimates on how much acquiring, testing, deploying, operating, and maintaining separately control would cost. 20 It is estimated by using the following equation (ALE before control) (ALE after control) (annual cost of control) = ROSI Al though quantitative risk analysis provides clearly defined inclinations and results, all of the involved calculations are based on subjective estimates, which may prove inaccurate. Moreover, the whole process can be long and costly. 1. 2. 2. 2. Qualitative Risk AssessmentIn opposition to the quantitative method, qualitative risk assessment does not assign hard financial values to assets, expected losses, and cost of controls21 but instead, 17 18 ibid. , p. 19. ibid. , p. 19. 19 ibid. , p. 19. 20 ibid. , p. 19. 21 ibid. , p. 20. 14 calculates relative values. 22 It involves distribution of questionnaires among citizenry in the company who have relevant skills and knowledge, and full treatmenthops. The questionnaires are designed to discover what assets and controls are already deployed, and the reading gathered can be very assistive during the workshops that follow. In the workshops participants come across assets and estimate their relative values.Next they try to figure out w hat threats distributively asset may be facing, and then they try to imagine what types of vulnerabilities those threats might endeavor in the future. The information security experts and the system administrators typically come up with controls to mitigate the risks for the group to consider and the approximate cost of each control. Finally, the results are presented to perplexity for consideration during a cost-benefit analysis. 23 This tactic does not require a lot of time and it is not a big nucleus for the mass involved. What is more, the results of the implemented solutions are cursorily visible. However, the estimated figures are often perceived as too vague.These two presented approaches are often used together in recite to obtain the most comprehensive information close to(predicate) a potential threat. Although scientific methods of risk assessment are helpful in estimating the possible impact which particular occurrences may have on the companys activity, it is e ssential to ring that none of the methods can be perceived as 100% trustworthy and absolutely infallible. However, even if it is unachievable to predict all threats and provide for all undesirable events, the significance of risk evaluation tactics combined with human knowledge, experience, imagination and intuition cannot be questioned. 1. 3. Risk Management in Business ActivityThe fact that the phenomenon called risk is measurable and its occurrence may be predicted means that it is also possible to take preventive measures and proactive attitude towards it. As Reto Gallati stresses, the term Risk Management is a recent creation, but the actual practice of risk focussing is as old as civilization itself. 24 In general life, mess face risk in a varying peak all the time and they manage it in a natural way so as to minimize undesired impact and render possible profits. 22 23 ibid. , p. 20. ibid. , p. 20. 15 Certain individuals even enjoy plunging into extraordinarily dangerous situations in order to check how they will cope in difficult moments.However, Andrew Holmes notices that at the individual level, if a psyche takes a risk and fails to manage it properly, the damage is hold to him, and maybe his go about(predicate) relatives,25 while the management of risk for schemes is not as simple. 26 As it was presented in the part 1. 2. 1, the company is a subject to various and multiple threats. Holmes stresses that ultimately, all risks have a financial impact. 27 The complexness of the call for actions aimed at coping with the risk means that within the modern corporation, risk management must(prenominal)(prenominal) encapsulate managing strategic, business, operational, and technical risks, rather than those associated with sheer finance such as credit, interest rate, and currency risk. 28 Nowadays, Risk Management is not an extra feature added to a companys basic activity, but an essential skill of all modern corporations. 29 All usiness units s hould realize its great importance, because it is essential not only for their achiever but simply survival. According to Holmes, a companys attitude towards the risk depends on its risk sophistication, which can be divided into pentad stages30 at the lowest level of sophistication (reactive stance), risks are dealt with only when they turn into live issues or when crisis strikes. There is no effort to recognize and measure possible risks in advance. At a slightly more civilize stage, a company understands the importance of risk management and takes the trouble to mark and manage threats more actively. It tends to seek out the best practice and views indecent events in a wide context. At the next level, there are geological formations which acknowledge the need to manage risks throughout the governance and usually develop some form of 24 25 Reto Gallati, Risk Management and Capital Adequacy, (New York McGraw Hill, 2003), p 11. Andrew Holmes, Risk Management (Oxford Capstone Publishing, 2002), p. 2. 26 ibid. 27 ibid. 28 ibid. 29 ibid. 30 ibid. , p. 8. 16 risk management manakin to ensure consistency of approach. At the following stage, a company understands the link between risk and reward. It is sure that for each risk there is an associated opportunity which can be exploited. Such a business unit is often a market attracter and is willing to take risks to achieve its strategic objectives. At the ultimate level of risk sophistication, there are organizations which integrate risk management with the goal of enhancing shareholder value. Thus, they shift the responsibility for risk management away from the traditional areas of audit and compliance to everyone within the organization. Of course, the active process of Risk Management requires shipment and focus as it means following a meditate set of actions which are designed to incompatibleiate, quantify, manage and then monitor the events or actions that could lead to financial loss. Often, the re is too little information about a given risk, and therefore, this kind of management may involve a large degree of judgment and assumptions concerning the future. 1 Yet, all the effort is worthwhile as successful organizations tend to be excellent risk managers, not only because they understand the risks they face, but also because of how they manage them. Conversely, those organizations that are deplorable at risk management spend no time scan the risk horizon, instead leaving their futures to fate. This invariably means shocks, falling market share, takeovers and missed opportunities. 32 As Holmes reflects, risk management is both an art and a science, and being successful depends on how well the two are kept in balance. 33 1. 3. 1. Methods of Risk Management John Holliwell, the managing conductor of smith Williamson Consultancy, once state, There is nothing wrong with risk.It is the lifeblood of business and the test of entrepreneurs and managers. What matters is how you ha ndle risk and the culture in 31 32 ibid. ibid. 17 which you operate. 34 A similar thought is expressed by beadord Tijok, Entrepreneurial demeanour demonstrated in real life entails, i. a. , the ability to enter into calculated risk, so that return-driven opportunities can be pursued and the ability to identify the relevant risks associated with these opportunities and the decision on appropriate behaviour to address these risks. 35 When a company decides on its risk management techniques, it usually analyses the following features prorogue 1. Factors influencing the type of risk management framework required by the organization36ors the type of risk managementframework required by an organizatio FACTORS INFLUENCING RISK MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENT DIMENSIONS TO CONSIDER Strategy risk appetite of owners/risk managers industry geographical coverage aggressive or conservative risk taking or risk averse sunrise or sunset industry primary, manufacturing, service sector local, national, re gional or global is the company critically help slight on critical success factors one or two factors which require close management? volatility is the environment liable(predicate) to change importantly or unpredictability? monopoly, few or limited number of osition in industry players, or free market with some(prenominal) players and no barriers to entry is the area of operations heightsly controlled by regulatory environment legislation and/or regulatory bodies? are regulators intrusive or hands off? 33 34 ibid. ibid. , p. 2. 35 Clifford Tijok, Risk Management in Finance, (Lehrverangstaltung, 2005), p. 8. 36 Carl Olsson, Risk Management in Emerging Markets pp. 110-111. 18 is deregulation occurring or the level of regulation change magnitude? management style centralized or decentralized adequate or inadequate people and resources technology resources, financial position adequate funds available, highly or lowly geared. tatus/ self-command Organizational culture universal o r hugger-muggerly owned Is the culture strong or weakly? are they simple and predictable or nature of risks faced complex/ unpredictable? is the size of risks manageable or is catastrophic risk a cause for concern? Such an analysis leads to adopting one of the main risk management techniques, as presented by Cliff Tijok37 risk limitation a company establishes its range of tolerance towards a given risk and perpetually monitors whether the limits are not breached risk avoidance a company chooses the least risky option or none of them risk transfer a company reduces or completely transfers specific risks by hedging against a risk (i. e. , obtaining insurance) or diversification.Whatever the approach is, managing risks takes a degree of courage and requires the organization to take responsibility for its actions. 38 It is a unbroken process, which is based on a distinct philosophy and follows a well-defined sequence of steps. 39 After the application of the methods and rules provided by risk management, the obtained information are unionized in a clear and logical way. This is the basis which allows the company to go one level up and prepare action schedules that will be used in case a recognized danger occurs. An essential part of such planning is encompassed by Business Continuity Management and will be discussed in the next chapter. 37 38 Cliff Tijok, Risk Management pp. 12-13. Andrew Holmes, Risk Management p. 2. 39 Reto Gallati, Risk Management p. 11. 19 CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS persistence MANAGEMENT This chapter provides information on what is Business Continuity Management, when it come forwarded in the history of management, what purposes it serves and how it should be make and introduced into a companys activity. Moreover, it contains a description of the steps which lead to the preparation of a Business Continuity Plan and of the implementation process that follows. Business Continuity Management forms an integral part of Risk Management. It me t with particularly cryptic interest in the 1990s as the result of the frenzy which come to the year 2000.At that time, there were many anticipated business perseverance problems, implicated by the date change in computer systems. Business Continuity Management became even a bigger focus of attention in 2001, after the terrorist attack in New York. As Michael Gallagher observes, that huge happening increased alive(predicate)ness of business interruption issues, resulted in a break in understanding(a) of critical processes and vulnerabilities and improved co-operation and collaboration between public and private sectors on indispensability management questions. 40 Lyndon Bird adds that business now has far more economic interdependency between regions than ever before. There are often global consequences when risk becomes reality. 41 Yet, at the same time there is a growing awareness of what business perseveration really is about and why it is so important to both businesse s and individuals. 42 8 2. 1. The Concept of Business Continuity Management Business Continuity Management (also called BCM) is defined by the Business Continuity Institute as a holistic management process which identifies potential Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management, (Edinburgh Pearson Education Limited, 2003), p. 7 41 Lyndon Byrd, Business Continuity Management in a shrinking world, Business Continuity & Risk Management (a addendum distributed in The Times), July 26 2006, p. 2 40 20 mpacts that threaten an organization and provides a framework for building resilience and the capability for an effective chemical reaction that defenses the interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, sword and value creating activities. Its main purpose is to enable the companys regular functioning, even though everyday operations are disrupted. As Lorraine pathway observes, organizations must be capable of withstanding the shocks that can so easily distract management from th eir primary purpose of meeting and drubbing their normal operational goals. 43 BCM appears as the solution that is exactly necessitate to guarantee such stability to the business. Obviously, BCM looks different in various companies as each organization is a unique system of multiple factors and interdependencies.Dr David Smith explains that because of its all-embracing nature, the way BCM is carried out will inevitably be dependent upon, and must reflect, the nature, scale and complexity of an organizations risk profile, risk appetite and the environment in which it operates. 44 Gallagher supports this view by stating that the plan must fit comfortably with the culture and management style of the organization. For example, the type of plan that suits a financial institution would be totally wrong in a radio or television broadcasting organization. 45 It is also very important to acknowledge that the companys BCM must be continuously revised and tested, in order to stay binding a nd fulfill its tasks. As Dr Smith emphasizes, BCM is, by necessity, a dynamic, proactive and current process. It must be kept up-to-date and fit-for-purpose to be effective. 46 Maintaining the daring of proper plans and policies is actually more difficult than establishing them, but this is what constitutes the point of developing BCM by a business. On the following page, there is an approximate structure of steps involved in Business Continuity Management, which is focused on planning. 42 43 ibid. Corporate resilience the new regime, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 11 44 David Smith, Business persistency and crisis management, Management Quarterly, July 2003, p. 27 45 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 43 46 ibid. 21 Scheme 2. 1. Procedures involved in Business Continuity Management47 INPUTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. mountain range definition desired objectives policies and standards inventory information, technology, people management commitment finance ANALYSIS plus ASSESSMENT BUSINESS IMPACT ANALYSIS TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 1. analyze BIA and addition Assessment 2. list technical strategies based on the analysis of each asset and business process in scope 3. document drawbacks and advantages of each listed dodge 1. identify and quantify asset needs 2. document ownership 3. assign weight based on importance 4. assess exposure 5. identify gravel control and other preventive measures 1. rate processes based on criticality 2. identify dependencies 3. identify custodian 4. identify threats and consequences 5. identify safeguards needed/possible 6. list critical resource requirement 7. quantify delightful owntime and and losses DEVELOPMENT 1. 2. 3. define continuity goals and chosen strategy in the form of a plan acquire resources needed for preparing and implementing the continuity plan test the plan RESULTS 1. 2. 3. 4. preventive control Business Continuity Plan continuity team training plan for team 47 Padmavathy Ramesh, Business Continuity Planning, (Tata Consultancy go, 2002), p. 28 22 2. 1. 1 The Evolution of BCM As Halls observes, Business Continuity Management is a relatively modern idea. Its first mentions can be found in the 1980s, although it was only in the very late 1990s that it became a more widespread as a business discipline. 48 In fact, Business Continuity Management is the outcome of a process that started in the early 1970s as computer Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP) and then moved through an era where the strain was on business continuity planning rather than on management. 49 In that time, computer managers were responsible for DRP. Soon, they realized that the concentration of systems and data in itself created new risks computer operations management introduced formal procedures government activity issues such as backup and retrieval, access restrictions, physical security, resilience measures such as alternative power supply, and change control. 50 In 1970s, if a big problem appeare d, the tolerated downtime was not measured in hours, but days. Therefore, the cost of back-up computers sitting idle in an alternative location waiting for a disaster to happen was prohibitive. However, for some companies, data safety was a precedency no matter at what cost it would be obtained. As Gallagher points out, organizations such as banks were in a more vulnerable position and invested enormous resources in installing and testing computers at alternative sites. Back-up tapes or disks were progressively stored at protected locations well away from the computer centre. 51 Later, in the 1980s, commercial recovery sites offering services started to appear, often on a shared basis. This was the start of the sophisticated recovery centers that operate today,52 notes Gallagher. However, they all concerned mainly IT The disaster recovery plans documented the actions required to safeguard and restore computer operations.These covered computer processing, computer applications, t elecommunications services and data after a disruptive event. The objectives were to 48 49 Michael Halls, What is Business Continuity Management? Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 6 50 ibid. 51 ibid. 52 ibid. 23 prevent or at least minimize the impact that such an event would have on the business. 53 Such plans were far from being perfect as they were more concerned with, for example, restoring a companys financial systems to an operational state than with worrying about whether there would be accommodation available to allow the staff of the finance department actually to use the systems. 54 Not much attention was paid to implementing BCL into every aspect of the companys activity. In 1990s, a significant change in the IT environment took place and the movement from DRP to Business Continuity Planning became considerably quicker. Gallagher confirms that throughout this decade, and into the 2000s, there were significant changes in the IT approach to DRP/BCP an d in what constituted acceptable downtime. The ferocity moved from being mainly on IT to an approach that considered all aspects of an organizations business and relationships. 55 It is only then that BCP has become BCM with the focus on management not just planning.This encompasses the emphasis on risk management and the measures to be taken to reduce risk. BCM is no longer regarded as a project it is now a program, emphasizing that it is a continuous process rather than a task with a defined enddate. 56 The next step is to make managers of all companies aware of the importance of BCM as the increased recognition of BCM means that a greater budget allocation may be available to it. More significantly, the message preached by business continuity practitioners for years that business continuity principles should be an integrated part of the business planning process may be heard. 57 2. 1. 2 The Significance of BCMThanks to proper Business Continuity Management, a company has a p rofessional plan which allows acting as quickly and efficiently as possible in case a dangerous 53 54 ibid. ibid. 55 ibid. 56 ibid. 57 ibid. 24 event happens, because BCM not only aims to provide continuity in customer service at a minimum acceptable level, it also aims to limit the impact on the financial position of an organization by ensuring that its critical functions continue to operate during a crisis and that the remainder are recovered in a controlled manner. 58 Therefore, when a BCP is applied, there are no chaotic, haphazard attempts to minimize the losses as clear and logical procedures have been devised earlier and communicated to the staff.As Mel Gosling notices, decisions made in the first few hours of an event that causes serious disruption to an organizations operations are critical, and actions undertaken in the first few days will have a significant financial impact59 and a company that has an effective and well-tested Business Continuity Plan is more desirely to take the right decisions in the first few hours and to subsequently undertake the best actions to limit the impact on its financial position. It has a break-dance chance of incurring significantly less additional expenditure at the time of a disruption. 60 Moreover, one of the benefits that implementing business continuity management brings to a firm, which is not now apparent, is an understanding of what the business does and what is important to it. 61 In this way, a company can analyze its allocation of resources and improve it, as well as find out what is critical and of value, and what can be outsourced or leftover undone. 62 Besides, certain companies, e. g. , financial institutions, are legally obliged to develop BCM and maintain an effective business continuity plan.It is also becoming increasingly common that businesses require from their suppliers to be presented with their BCM plans. This facilitates the process of assessing the suppliers infallibility and constitutes an element of developing a sound business relationship. Mel Gosling, Why invest in business continuity, 1 February 2007, . 59 ibid. 60 ibid. 61 ibid. 62 ibid. 62 ibid. 58 25 The investment into Business Continuity Management is beneficial not only in the matter of a business being prepared for multiple diverse crises. It also adds significantly to the companys reputation and brand image by demonstrating effective and efficient governance to the media, markets and stakeholders. 63 Moreover, it enhances the competitive advantage of the business, because to some investors and customers it may be a vital factor in deciding to which company they should entrust their capital. Osborne explains it as follows, To a firms shareholders its part of investor relations you are showing your commitment to keeping their investment safe. To a firms staff it is repulse relations you are showing your willingness to protect the livelihood of your staff. 64 Furthermore, he stresses that its customer r elations too youre demonstrating your commitment to providing a service for them even in the most extreme of circumstances. 65 put up but not least, devising professional plans and keeping them updated increases the companys credibility in the eyes of nsurers and auditors because they are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of BCM. As Osborne observes, Five years ago, auditors simply would have said to their clients, do you have a plan in place? A couple of years ago, they would have wanted to inspect it, to see if every contingency was covered and how practical it appeared to be. Nowadays, they will ask how it worked in practice. When it was experience tested and what were the results? 66 What is more, insurers like to see evidence that all commonsensical steps have been taken to understand the past accident eternise and that actions have been put in place to prevent them from happening again. 67 This is confirmed by Gosling, who states that insurance companies thems elves are now starting to realize the opportunities that business continuity provides for loss reduction, and it is becoming increasingly common for a condition of insurance cover to be the existence of a business 63 64 David Smith, Business continuity and crisis management, p. 27 regard the display board of business continuity experts, 65 ibid. 66 ibid. 67 Pro-active Risk Management Avoiding catastrophe. Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 14 26 continuity plan. 68 All in all, devising and implementing an effective BCM plans brings versatile advantages to a company, while the failure to do so means taking an unnecessary risk with an organizations future and profitability. 69 2. 1. 4 Continuity Culture in a Company A vital step in forming Business Continuity Management in a company is to instill a proper attitude in the staff.Michael Gallagher believes that it is about creating a continuity culture in the organization. This can be at least as important as producing the a ctual plans. 70 He also states that for BCM to work, it must be driven from the top. 71 Therefore, senior managers must understand that BCM is not just another expense but also a significant resource, 72 as Mike Osborne assures. However, the amount of data that has to be taken into consideration while developing preventive measures is overwhelming. Lane points out that while responsibility for corporate resilience sits firmly with the executive director board, the skills and experience required to combat the growing list of disruptive threats exists throughout the organization. 73 Thus, in large companies, it is a wise move to refer a full-time Business Continuity Manager, whose tasks are to accumulate the relevant knowledge from all departments and co-ordinate proper procedures, as well as devise professional plans and keep them updated. Smaller businesses may use the services offered by consulting companies. The staffs awareness of specific procedures ready to be applied in case of any foreseeable disaster enhances their ability and identification with the company. Instructing them of the specific plans encourages them to pay bigger attention to the safety issues, which significantly contributes to the BCM process. 68 69Mel Gosling, Why invest in business continuity, ibid. 70 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. XI 71 ibid. 72 Ask the panel of business continuity experts, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 12 73 David Smith, Business continuity and crisis management p. 27 27 Gallagher explains that if the business continuity culture is sufficiently developed, the continuity considerations will be a natural part of the development of the plans. 74 2. 2 BCM and the Companys Size For the definite majority of large corporations, BCM is a regular part of their activity but, as Gallagher states, there is a emotional state that it is not a matter of concern to the smaller business. 75 This happens because a lot of the emphasis in the business continuity press, and in business continuity material generally, relates to large organizations and to the financial services industry. 76 While for the largest corporations and those with enormous sums of money at stake, the complexity of planning is breathtaking,77 small and medium-sized enterprises tend to get ignored when talking about business continuity planning. The planning is more prosaic. The challenges are fewer. And most importantly, their budgets are smaller. 78 Another problem is the fact that smaller companies are typically less aware of the correct procedures than big firms where systems have been developed. 79 The managers of small and medium-sized businesses simply tend to think that their companys size is a kind of safeguard against a disaster, or that potential recovery will be quick and simple, so the process of developing a plan is perceived as too complicated, involving ebullient costs and management time. 80 However, Mike Osborne emphasizes that the issue for small to medium sized businesses is that they often do not have the inherent resilience that say, a UK multinational has. 81 He warns the managers against an illusive safety feeling as smaller firms often trade from a single location and do not benefit from vast armies of support staff and Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 88 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 28 76 ibid. 7 Michael Halls, What is Business Continuity Management? Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 3 78 Michael Halls, Small is still beautiful (but riskier too), Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 10 79 ibid. 80 Its never too late to plan for the future, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 15 75 74 28 specialists who can react to and recover from an incident. If they are hit by a disaster, the impact is greater then it would be the case in a big organization. 82 This view is support by Gallagher, who states, Small businesses should remember t hat their biggest threats do not come from high profile incidents such as earthquakes or terrorist bombs.It is the dozens of relatively peasant issues such as prolonged power outages or computer earnings failures that may cause the problems. The vast majority of problems are caused by people or process failures. 83 He points out that this is where the effort and investment should be concentrated. Because of size, the process is simpler and the cost will be proportionally less than for larger organizations. The consequences of not having a plan are, however, likely to be disastrous. 84 Therefore, as Michael Halls stresses, Business Continuity Management is a must for companies of all sizes. A small firm that loses its data will go out of business just as surely as a larger one. 85 2. 3 BCM in Relation to InsuranceSome managers wonder why they should shut away themselves into Business Continuity Management while their company is insured. To them, devising a BCM plan seems to be an unnecessary waste of time and money, because they think that risks are looked after by the insurers and thus, there is no need to worry. But these are absolutely false conclusions. As Mark Baylis emphasizes, insuring the risk is not the answer, because it is better for the business that the problem does not happen at all. 86 This view is supported by Gallagher, who states that insurance is simply a necessary part of the total business protection and recovery plan but it is only a part. 87 Although it is true that insurance provides financial aid in case a disaster strikes, the money may 81 82 ibid. ibid. 83 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 28 84 ibid. 85 Michael Halls, Small is still beautiful (but riskier too), 86 Mark Baylis, Weak links in the supply chain, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 11 87 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 33 29 go in after quite a long effect. Moreover, insurance for loss of profits, or for increased cost of working, will cover only a defined period which in practice may prove to be inadequate. 88 Besides, proving loss of profits can be very difficult.The outcome may be based on historical performance and may not take account of recent market developments. 89 It is also very important to notice that insurance will not keep customers supplied or guarantee that market share will be recovered,90 nor will it protect the organizations reputation and image. 91 Last but not least, as it was mentioned in the previous paragraph, there may be a situation when the insurer refuses to provide a cover unless the company devises a BCM, because nowadays businesses are required to act more actively in protecting themselves from various possible risks. Therefore, it is vital for a firm to have efficient Business Continuity Management in order to obtain insurance on favourable terms.To sum up, managers must remember that insurance is reactive while it has its place, the whole protection process must be more proactive and BCM is the key. 92 2. 4 Business Impact Analysis Business Impact Analysis (also known as BIA) is the most important tool of Business Continuity Management. Gallagher defines it as a management-level analysis that identifies the impacts of losing company resources. It measures the effect of resource loss and escalating losses over time in order to provide senior management with reliable data upon which to base decisions on risk mitigation and continuity planning. 93 The BIA process identifies and ranks the business processes, 88 89 ibid. , p. 34 ibid. 90 ibid. 91 ibid. 92 ibid. 93 ibid. , p. 146 30 criticalities and dependencies. 94 It is closely related to risk analysis, which was discussed in the previous chapter, therefore, it may base on the materials that have already been gathered during the general Risk Management process in the company. The method by which BIA is carried out depends on the nature of the organization size, structure, local or inter national, and so forth 95 Generally, in order to maximize the efficiency of a BIA processes, standardized questionnaires should be used. They should contain questions which are formed in such a way as to provide information that concerns the following issues the nature of given problems the impact of the problems, which should be presented from different perspectives, e. g. the companys reputation, costs involved, loss of future business, etc. the influence that may be caused by the problems at different times of the day, week, month and year the kind of resilience that may be currently provided in a quick and easy way the recovery from the addressed problems (time needed for recovery, priorities for resumption, duration of backlog, additional costs, insurance cover) the available workarounds and the way they operate the continuity and recovery requirements, e. g. , accommodation, computer systems, etc. 96 After the questionnaires have been filled in, the Business Continuity Manager prepares a comprehensive report which presents the companys Business Impact Analysis. The report is make up of the following parts 1. Introduction 2. Executive Summary 3. Background to rent 94 95 ibd. , p. 47 ibid. 96 cf. Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 57 31 4. Current State Assessment 5. Threats and Vulnerabilities 6. overcritical Business Functions/Operations 7. Business Impacts Operational and Financial 8. Potential Strategies 9. Recommendations 10. coating 11.Appendices97 Thanks to the logical and substantial structure, the report fully represents the current standing of the company, clearly indicates its weak points and realistically describes possible procedures. Business Continuity Management is an extremely important process, which not only enables the assumption of proper attitudes towards multiple threats that endanger a firms functioning, but it also significantly deepens the understanding of the business and improves the staffs morale . Proper implementation of BCM in a company leads to the creation of a Business Continuity Plan, which will be discussed in detail in the following chapter. 32 CHAPTER 3BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN In the previous chapters, the importance of Business Continuity Management was explained and it was stated that devising a Business Continuity Plan is one of the main tasks of this type of management. This chapter provides information on how to construct, implement and test a Business Continuity Plan. Moreover, it contains a description of the most frequent mistakes that appear while drafting a BCP and advises how to avoid them. The exemplary plans and templates on which the analysis is based are attached as Appendices B, C, D, E and F at the end of the present thesis. 3. 1 The Structure of an Exemplary Business Continuity PlanBusiness Continuity Plans vary in length and are divided into different parts, which mostly depends on the size and type of a company. However, certain sections are vit al and thus common for all the plans. They should be organized in such a way as to enable quick access to the required information. These crucial parts will be successively discussed herein. 3. 1. 1 Front Page and Introduction On the front page of a Business Continuity Plan, there should be written the name of the company, the issue date and a distinct lettering stating BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN. Moreover, if the Plan is confidential, it should be indicated on the front page as well. Optional elements inserted here may include refer details for feedback, references, the revision date, etc.These components are followed by an introduction, which consists of a distribution list (copy number, name and location) and a table of contents. 97 cf. Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 57 33 3. 1. 2 push back This section should contain the description of the purpose for which the Plan has been created. It usually gives examples of possible disasters and explains the objecti ves which the plan is intended to meet in case of a calamity. What is more, a company which wishes to convey an especially powerful message concerning its reliability may include in this part a summary of the extensive works and professional researches which have been involved in the development of the Plan. 3. 1. 3 decisive Functions ChecklistCritical Functions are these activities without which the company would not be able to perform. In order to prepare a Critical Functions Checklist, the following steps should be complete the identification of Critical Functions, e. g. , sales and distribution the description of the Functions in terms of the impact which may be caused by their interruption in the first 24 h, 48 h, one week and two weeks the prioritization of the Functions the ascription of a reasonable timeframe within which the recovery is possible the determination of resources which will be necessary in the recovery process, such as a) the staff the required number of people, their knowledge and skills b) alternative location e. g. the staff working at home or provisional premises together with necessary equipment like computers, cars c) data information and documents, e. g. , insurance certificate, service, customers and suppliers details d) communications all shipway in which customers, suppliers, the staff and media can be contacted in case of disaster. 34 Such a Checklist allows ensuring that critical tasks are completed on time and according to a pre-agreed priority schedule. It may also be used to provide a handover document between different shifts in the recovery process. 98 3. 1. 4 Risk Analysis Table This part should contain a table comprising a list of dangers which may interrupt and threaten the activity of the company.The matrix presented below may be used to delegate values to the particular risks with regard to the likelihood of their occurrence and their potential impact. Table 3. 1. 4 Risk Matrix LIKELIHOOD NEGLIGIBLE CATAST ROPHIC antiquated UNLIKELY POSSIBLE PROBABLE M M M L L H H M L L VH VH H M L VH VH H M L VH VH H M L IMPACT SIGNIFICANT MODERATE MINOR INSIGNIFICANT subtitle L low, M- medium, H high, VH very high Moreover, there may be also attached a list of possible losses, endangered people and equipment, as well as the actions which had to be taken in case a particular risk occurs. 98 Appendix D, p. 77. 35 3. 1. 4 catch Response Checklist Such a Checklist greatly facilitates the performance of people involved in fighting a potential adverse event.It also acts a concise register of actions that were taken after the disaster happened. It should be later analyzed, developed and improved. It is preferable that tasks to be completed are organized in the form of a table, together with a column in which the date of termination will be written down. The actions may be listed as follows during the first 24 h a) to establish the Actions and Expenses Log, which is a more detailed and comprehensive version of the Emergency Response Checklist b) to contact emergency services c) to identify and approximately assess the damage which has been incurred by the staff, equipment, buildings, data, etc. d) to determine the critical functions which have been interrupted e) to decide on the steps that need to be taken within the recovery process, which is based on the Critical Function Checklist f) to contact the staff, customers, suppliers, insurers, relevant governing and other stakeholders in order to assure them that the situation is under control g) to issue a special PR statement to the media. daily within the recovery period a) to update the Actions and Expenses Log b) to provide valid information to the staff, customers, suppliers, insurers, relevant authorities and other stakeholders, as well as the media after the recovery period a) to interview the staff with respect to their welfare needs b) to analyze the Emergency Response Checklist and Actions and Expenses Log in order t o introduce possible improvements into the Business Continuity Plan. 36As it can be seen, the response to the crisis should focus on its effects, not on the causes. The reasons of the adverse event should be identified as quickly as possible, but a comprehensive analysis of them must not be performed before the main steps of the recovery process have been taken. 3. 1. 5 Roles and Responsibilities This section should contain information and contact details regarding the people who are responsible for the shape and content of the Business Continuity Plan (e. g. , Business Continuity Manager, the BCM Team). Moreover, there may be included a list of duties which are ascribed to the particular staff members in case an adverse event happens.Last but not least, it is necessary to indicate the names and contact details of the co-ordinators of the recovery process, help-line numbers (possibly, with pre-recorded messages) and location of meeting rooms and the Business Recovery Command Centre, together with maps. 3. 1. 6 Contact List In this part, there should be listed the following contact details staff members (divided in respect to the departments) and their next of kin a) name, b) address, c) work cry number, d) home think number, e) mobile telephony number, f) e-mail address key suppliers a) name, b) provided goods, c) address, d) echo/ fax number, 37 e) e-mail address key customers a) name, b) service/good used, c) address, d) telephone/fax number, e) e-mail address mergency services (ambulance, fire service, flood line, hospitals, police) a) address, b) telephone number utilities (water, telecommunication, gas and electricity companies) a) name, b) telephone number, c) e-mail address insurers and banks a) name, b) address, c) telephone/fax number, d) e-mail address authorities a) name b) address c) telephone/fax number media a) name, b